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Using generative AI �for academic publication

Chitu Okoli

Professor of Digitalization

SKEMA Business School, Paris

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Should you use generative AI?

You may use generative AI, but be sure to verify its results

Do you need absolutely true results?

Can you verify the accuracy of the results yourself?

Unsafe to use generative AI

Will you input sensitive data?

Do you need legal ownership of the results?

You may freely use generative AI

Legal uncertainty about using generative AI

YES

Adapted from Introduction to ChatGPT - DataCamp

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Core AI principles from SKEMA Research Code of Ethics

Human responsibility and accountability

“AI ethical concerns mainly arise because of humans offloading their personal ethical responsibilities to algorithms. Thus, it is paramount that for any decision made using AI, a definite human being (not an organization or organizational unit) must be held accountable. If such a person takes responsibility, then they should take care to vet the scope of decisions of the AI.”

Transparency concerning the use of AI

“Those who are impacted by AI should be informed that they are interacting with AI.”

The OpenAI terms of use REQUIRE users to abide by both principles

OpenAI’s recommended text for publishing authors:

“The author generated this text in part with GPT-3, OpenAI’s large-scale language-generation model. Upon generating draft language, the author reviewed, edited, and revised the language to their own liking and takes ultimate responsibility for the content of this publication.”

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Using generative AI for academic writing

Risky to use generative AI to create drafts for you

Generative AI might “hallucinate”

Technical AI term for “ invent ‘facts’ out of thin air”
You are 100% responsible for any false information that you submit

It might sometimes copy from sources without citation

You are 100% responsible for any plagiarism or copyright violation

It is much safer to use generative AI to revise the initial drafts you created yourself

Expand and polish your written drafts
Turn your spoken transcript into polished text

You must be fully transparent about your use of generative AI

Be sure to tell your supervisor how you use generative AI
For article submissions, be sure to mention use in the cover letter
Explicitly mention use in the acknowledgements section of the article

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ChatGPT use cases for research before writing

Computer programming

Microsoft Excel functions

Excel Dropdown: Hide Blanks (openai.com)

Write code for specific tasks

Map to Print List Names. (openai.com)

Debugging code

Error in ols function (openai.com)

Explain statistical and machine learning procedures

Fixed effects models explained. (openai.com)

Translate academic content

Absence Analysis with Fuzzy (openai.com)

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ChatGPT for scholarly literature searches

Do not trust any results from the free ChatGPT version!

It literally invents “facts” and fake citations.

E.g., Find Citations for Statements. (openai.com)

If you use it, you will commit academic fraud.

For reliable literature searches with ChatGPT, �you must use scholarly search plugins with �ChatGPT Plus (the paid version)

Consensus (free and paid options)

Probably the most intelligent AI analysis and summaries of papers
Can be used without ChatGPT

ScholarAI (free and paid options)

Another good option for AI searching and summary
Requires ChatGPT plugins, so no purely free option

OA.mg (only option listed here with no extra fee to use)

Perhaps the largest set of papers among these tools, but limited AI analysis
Can be used without ChatGPT, so it is the only completely free option listed here

Litmap (free and paid options)

Focuses on citation maps; does not do article summaries
Can be used without ChatGPT

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Other AI-powered writing tools

Grammar correction

Grammarly is an excellent free tool for English
I use Antidote for French

DeepL Translator for translation

Great for translating expressions and idioms, �especially if you think more naturally in a non-English language
Paid version can translate entire documents

Voice transcription: record your voice notes and discussion

Windows and Mac, Microsoft Word and Google Doc all have automatic transcription built in, but the quality varies
Otter.ai is one of the best-quality options, but the free version is limited
After transcription, use ChatGPT to revise your speaking into polished academic text

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Case study: working paper developed with extensive help from ChatGPT

Help with computer programming and fixing bugs

Code base

Create a draft outline of the article

Contents of important sections
Summarize the finished outline of the article

Expand summary tables into text descriptions

Create and format tables

Literature search
Editing voice transcriptions

ChatGPT smartphone app can fully interact with voice; transcripts are recorded

Introductory paragraphs, conclusion and abstract
Final article

Okoli, Chitu. "Statistical inference using machine learning and classical techniques based on accumulated local effects (ALE)." arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.09877 (2023).

Acknowledgement

“We used ChatGPT in developing the outline of this article and in drafting much of the text. The author takes full responsibility for the entirety of the final revised contents. In addition, we used ChatGPT extensively in developing the code for the ale package.”