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Phonetics

DR NANDAKUMAR K

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DEFINITION

SPEECH:- the act of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings, perceptions by articulation of words.
PHONETICS:- the branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds and their production, combination, description and representation by written symbols.

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Motor

Vibrator

Initiator

Resonator

Enunciators

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Role of tongue

The tongue is the principal articulator of the consonants and it changes position and shape for the pronunciation of each of the vowels.

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CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH

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According to Boucher

Vowels

Consonants

Plosives/stops

Glides

Liquid consonants

Nasal consonants

Afficatives

Fricatives

P, b, t, d

S, z

Ch, j

M. n, ng

R, l

W, y

VOWELS : a e i o u they are called voiced sounds. • CONSONANTS: may be either voiced or produced without vocal cord vibration, in which case they are called breathed sounds

Plosives/stops : these sound are produced when overpressure of air has been built up by consonants between the soft palate and pharyngeal wall and released in an explosive way. ex. P (pay) B (bay) T (to) D (dot)  Fricatives: also called sibilant sounds characterized by their sharp and whistling sounds when air is squeezed through the nearly obstructed articulators. Eg. S (so) Z (zoo)

Afficatives : mix of plosives and fricatives Eg. Ch (Chin) J (jar)  Nasal consonants: produced without oral exit of air. Eg. M (man) N (name) NG (bang)  Liquid consonants: also called semi vowels. As the name suggests they are produced without friction. Eg. R (rose) L (lily)  Glides: they are sounds characterized by a gradually changing articulator types. Eg. W (witch) Y (you)

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Consonants

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Palatolingual sounds

Linguodental sounds

Labiodental sounds

Bilabial sounds

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Palatolingual sounds- tongue and hard palate

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S sound

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Groove depth increased- whistling

Thickness of denture base increased

Groove depth decreased- lisping

Thickness of denture base decreased

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Position of anteriors

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Clinical significance

Upper and lower incisors should approach end to end but not touch.

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Silverman also use words with S to establish and check a proper vertical dimension of occlusion.

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T, D, N, and L

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Palatogram of

T, D, N

Palatogram of L

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Clinical significance

If teeth too lingual – T will sound like D
If teeth too forward - D will sound like T

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Palatolingual sounds- tongue and soft palate

Consonant k(committee), ng (sing) and g (give)

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Clinical significance: If the posterior borders are over extended or if there is no tissue contact k becomes ch sound.

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Linguodental sounds

Consonant Th is representative of the linguodental group of sounds

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Clinical significance

If about 3mm of the tip of the tongue is not visible- anteriors too forward

If more than 6mm of the tongue extends out between the teeth- anteriors too lingual

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Labiodental sounds

F and V are representatives of the labiodental group of sounds

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Clinical significance

Upper anterior teeth are too short (set too high up), V sound will be more like an F.
If they are too long (set too far down), F will sound more like a V

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Bilabial sounds

B, p and m are representatives of the bilabial group of sounds.

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Clinical significance

To assess the correct interarch space
Correct labiolingual positioning of the anterior teeth
Assess labial fullness of the rims

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Prosthodontic Implication In Denture Design Affecting Speech

Denture thickness and peripheral outline
Vertical dimension
Occlusal plane
Relationship of the upper and lower teeth
Post dam area
Anterior-posterior positioning of teeth
Width of dental arch

International Journal of Applied Dental Sciences 2021; 7(2): 84-93

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Denture thickness and peripheral outline

If the denture bases are too thick.
Lisping will occur with the word like S C and Z
Palatolingual sounds most affected. (T,D)

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Vertical dimension

Any change in VD, Bilabials are mostly affected like P B and M
If both rims touch prematurely it indicates excessive vertical dimension.
In try in stage teeth clicking will be heard.

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Occlusal plane

Any changed in occlusal plane, labiodental sounds like F and V are affected.
If occlusal plane is too high the correct positing of the lower lip is difficult
If the occlusal plane is too low there is overlap of the lower lip on the labial surface of upper teeth

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Anterior posterior positioning of teeth

F and V sounds are hampered.
Labiopalatal positions of the teeth is very Important
Teeth if placed too palatally the lower lip will not meet the incisal edge of the upper teeth.

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Post dam area

Palatolingual consonants are affected (K,NG and G)
Thick post dam areas will irritate the dorsum of the tongue

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Width of dental arch

If teeth are set in an arch that is too narrow the tongue will be cramped
Consonants like T, D, N ,K and S are affected

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Relationship of the upper and lower incisors

The chief concern is the S CH, J and Z sound.
These sounds need a near contact of the upper and lower teeth so that the air stream is allowed to pass.

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