C++ Programming

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi

Subject:: C++ Programming

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�C++ Programming�Course Objectives

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi

Subject:: C++ Programming

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�C++ Programming�Course Outcomes (CO)

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CO 1 Understand tokens, expressions, and control structures

CO 2 Explain arrays and strings and create programs using them

CO 3 Describe and use constructors and destructors

CO 4 Understand and employ file management

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi

Subject:: C++ Programming

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�C++ Programming CO-PO Mapping

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi

Subject:: C++ Programming

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UNIT 1

Review of C, Difference between C and C++, Procedure Oriented and Object Oriented Approach. Basic Concepts: Objects, classes, Principals like Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism. Dynamic Binding, Message Passing. Characteristics of Object-Oriented Languages. Abstract data types, Object & classes, attributes, methods, C++ class declaration, Local Class and Global Class, State identity and behaviour of an object, Local Object and Global Object, Scope resolution operator, Friend Functions, Inline functions, Constructors and destructors, instantiation of objects, Types of Constructors, Static Class Data, Array of Objects, Constant member functions and Objects, Memory management Operators.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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UNIT 2

Inheritance, Types of Inheritance, access modes public, private & protected, Abstract Classes, Ambiguity resolution using scope resolution operator and Virtual base class, Aggregation, composition vs classification hierarchies, Overriding inheritance methods, Constructors in derived classes, Nesting of Classes.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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UNIT 3

• Polymorphism, Type of Polymorphism Compile time and runtime, Function Overloading, Operator Overloading (Unary and Binary) Polymorphism by parameter, Pointer to objects, this pointer, Virtual Functions, pure virtual functions.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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UNIT 4

Manipulating strings, Streams and files handling, formatted and Unformatted Input output. Exception handling, Generic Programming function template, class Template Standard Template Library: Standard Template Library, Overview of Standard Template Library, Containers, Algorithms, Iterators, Other STL Elements, The Container Classes, General Theory of Operation, Vectors.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Review of C, Difference between C and C++,

• C is a procedural programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie in the year 1972 at Bell Laboratories of AT&T Labs. It was mainly developed as a system programming language to write the UNIX operating system.
• The main features of the C language include:
• General Purpose and Portable
• Low-level Memory Access
• Fast Speed
• Clean Syntax
• These features make the C language suitable for system programming like an operating system or compiler development.

Many later languages have borrowed syntax/features directly or indirectly from the C language. Like syntax of Java, PHP, JavaScript, and many other languages are mainly based on the C language.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Review of C, Difference between C and C++,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Review of C, Difference between C and C++,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Review of C, Difference between C and C++,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Review of C, Difference between C and C++,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Review of C, Difference between C and C++,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Review of C, Difference between C and C++,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Procedure Oriented and Object Oriented Approach

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Procedure Oriented and Object Oriented Approach

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Procedure Oriented and Object Oriented Approach

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Basic Concepts: Objects, classes

Object-oriented programming – As the name suggests uses objects in programming. Object-oriented programming aims to implement real-world entities like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism, etc. in programming. The main aim of OOP is to bind together the data and the functions that operate on them so that no other part of the code can access this data except that function.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Basic Concepts: Objects, classes

• There are some basic concepts that act as the building blocks of OOPs i.e.
• Class
• Objects
• Encapsulation
• Abstraction
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• Dynamic Binding
• Message Passing

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Basic Concepts: Objects, classes

Characteristics of an Object-Oriented Programming Language

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Basic Concepts: Objects, classes

Class :

The building block of C++ that leads to Object-Oriented programming is a Class. It is a user-defined data type, which holds its own data members and member functions, which can be accessed and used by creating an instance of that class. A class is like a blueprint for an object. For Example: Consider the Class of Cars. There may be many cars with different names and brands but all of them will share some common properties like all of them will have 4 wheels, Speed Limit, Mileage range, etc. So here, the Car is the class, and wheels, speed limits, and mileage are their properties.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Basic Concepts: Objects, classes

Object :

An Object is an identifiable entity with some characteristics and behavior. An Object is an instance of a Class. When a class is defined, no memory is allocated but when it is instantiated (i.e. an object is created) memory is allocated. Objects take up space in memory and have an associated address like a record in pascal or structure or union. When a program is executed the objects interact by sending messages to one another. Each object contains data and code to manipulate the data.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Basic Concepts: Objects, classes

Object :

An Object is an identifiable entity with some characteristics and behavior. An Object is an instance of a Class. When a class is defined, no memory is allocated but when it is instantiated (i.e. an object is created) memory is allocated. Objects take up space in memory and have an associated address like a record in pascal or structure or union. When a program is executed the objects interact by sending messages to one another. Each object contains data and code to manipulate the data.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Abstraction�

• Data abstraction is one of the most essential and important features of object-oriented programming in C++. Abstraction means displaying only essential information and hiding the details. Data abstraction refers to providing only essential information about the data to the outside world, hiding the background details or implementation. 
• Consider a real-life example of a man driving a car. The man only knows that pressing the accelerator will increase the speed of the car or applying brakes will stop the car but he does not know how on pressing the accelerator the speed is actually increasing, he does not know about the inner mechanism of the car or the implementation of the accelerator, brakes, etc in the car.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Encapsulation�

• Encapsulation in C++ is defined as the wrapping up of data and information in a single unit. In Object Oriented Programming, Encapsulation is defined as binding together the data and the functions that manipulate them.
• Consider a real-life example of encapsulation, in a company, there are different sections like the accounts section, finance section, sales section, etc. Now,
• The finance section handles all the financial transactions and keeps records of all the data related to finance.
• Similarly, the sales section handles all the sales-related activities and keeps records of all the sales.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Inheritance

• The capability of a class to derive properties and characteristics from another class is called Inheritance. Inheritance is one of the most important features of Object-Oriented Programming. 
• Inheritance is a feature or a process in which, new classes are created from the existing classes. The new class created is called “derived class” or “child class” and the existing class is known as the “base class” or “parent class”. The derived class now is said to be inherited from the base class.
• When we say derived class inherits the base class, it means, the derived class inherits all the properties of the base class, without changing the properties of base class and may add new features to its own. These new features in the derived class will not affect the base class. The derived class is the specialized class for the base class.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Polymorphism

The word “polymorphism” means having many forms. In simple words, we can define polymorphism as the ability of a message to be displayed in more than one form. A real-life example of polymorphism is a person who at the same time can have different characteristics. A man at the same time is a father, a husband, and an employee. So the same person exhibits different behavior in different situations. This is called polymorphism. Polymorphism is considered one of the important features of Object-Oriented Programming.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Dynamic Binding

• Dynamic binding in C++ is a practice of connecting the function calls with the function definitions by avoiding the issues with static binding, which occurred at build time. Because dynamic binding is flexible, it avoids the drawbacks of static binding, which connected the function call and definition at build time.
• In simple terms, Dynamic binding is the connection between the function declaration and the function call.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Message Passing

Message passing in C++ is the process by which objects communicate by exchanging messages, typically in the form of method or function calls. This mechanism enables objects to interact and collaborate, facilitating the accomplishment of desired objectives.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Characteristics of Object-Oriented Languages: Abstract data types

• Abstract or User-Defined Data Types: Abstract or User-Defined data types are defined by the user itself. Like, defining a class in C++ or a structure. C++ provides the following user-defined datatypes:  
• Class
• Structure
• Union
• Enumeration
• Typedef defined Datatype

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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Characteristics of Object-Oriented Languages: Abstract data types

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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• Integer: The keyword used for integer data types is int. Integers typically require 4 bytes of memory space and range from -2147483648 to 2147483647.  
• Character: Character data type is used for storing characters. The keyword used for the character data type is char. Characters typically require 1 byte of memory space and range from -128 to 127 or 0 to 255.  
• Boolean: Boolean data type is used for storing Boolean or logical values. A Boolean variable can store either true or false. The keyword used for the Boolean data type is bool. 
• Floating Point: Floating Point data type is used for storing single-precision floating-point values or decimal values. The keyword used for the floating-point data type is float. Float variables typically require 4 bytes of memory space. 

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Characteristics of Object-Oriented Languages: Abstract data types

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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• Double Floating Point: Double Floating Point data type is used for storing

double-precision floating-point values or decimal values.

The keyword used for the double floating-point data type is

double. Double variables typically require 8 bytes of memory space. 

• void: Void means without any value. void data type represents a valueless entity. A void data type is used for those function which does not return a value. 
• Wide Character: Wide character data type is also a character data type
• but this data type has a size greater than the normal 8-bit data type.
• Represented by wchar_t. It is generally 2 or 4 bytes long.
• sizeof() operator: sizeof() operator is used to find the number of
• bytes occupied by a variable/data type in computer memory.

Object & classes

• A Class is a user-defined data type that has data members and member functions.
• Data members are the data variables and member functions are the functions used to manipulate these variables together, these data members and member functions define the properties and behavior of the objects in a Class.
• In the above example of class Car, the data member will be speed limit, mileage, etc, and member functions can be applying brakes, increasing speed, etc.
• An Object is an instance of a Class. When a class is defined, no memory is allocated but when it is instantiated (i.e. an object is created) memory is allocated.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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attributes, methods

Attributes are one of the key features of modern C++ which allows the programmer to specify additional information to the compiler to enforce constraints(conditions), optimise certain pieces of code or do some specific code generation. In simple terms, an attribute acts as an annotation or a note to the compiler which provides additional information about the code for optimization purposes and enforcing certain conditions on it. Introduced in C++11, they have remained one of the best features of C++ and are constantly being evolved with each new version of C++. Syntax:

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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attributes, methods

• Purpose of Attributes in C++
• 1. To enforce constraints on the code: Here constraint refers to a condition, that the arguments of a particular function must meet for its execution (precondition). In previous versions of C++, the code for specifying constraints was written in this manner 
• 2. To give additional information to the compiler for optimisation purposes: Compilers are very good at optimization but compared to humans they still lag at some places and propose generalized code which is not very efficient. This mainly happens due to the lack of additional information about the “problem” which humans have. To reduce this problem to an extent C++ standard has introduced some new attributes that allow specifying a little more to the compiler rather than the code statement itself. Once such example is that of likely. 

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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attributes, methods

3. Suppressing certain warnings and errors that programmer intended to have in his code: It happens rarely but sometimes the programmer intentionally tries to write a faulty code which gets detected by the compiler and is reported as an error or a warning. One such example is that of an unused variable which has been left in that state for a specific reason or of a switch statement where the break statements are not put after some cases to give rise to fall-through conditions. In order to circumvent errors and warnings on such conditions, C++ provides attributes such as [maybe_unused] and [fallthrough] that prevent the compiler from generating warnings or errors. 

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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attributes, methods

1. noreturn: indicates that the function does not return a value
2. deprecated: Indicates that the name or entity declared with this attribute has become obsolete and must not be used for some specific reason. This attribute can be applied to namespaces, functions, classes structures or variables.
3. nodiscard: The entities declared with nodiscard should not have their return values ignored by the caller. Simply saying if a function returns a value and is marked nodiscard then the return value must be utilized by the caller and not discarded.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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attributes, methods

4. maybe_unused: Used to suppress warnings on any unused entities (For eg: An unused variable or an unused argument to a function).

5. fallthrough: [[fallthrough]] indicates that a fallthrough in a switch statement is intentional. Missing a break or return in a switch statement is usually considered a programmer’s error but in some cases fallthrough can result in some very terse code and hence it is used. Note: Unlike other attributes a fallthrough requires a semicolon after it is declared

6.likely: For optimisation of certain statements that have more probability to execute than others. Likely is now available in latest version of GCC compiler for experimentation purposes.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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attributes, methods

7. no_unique_address: Indicates that this data member need not have an address distinct from all other non-static data members of its class. This means that if the class consist of an empty type then the compiler can perform empty base optimisation on it.

8. expects: It specifies the conditions (in form of contract) that the arguments must meet for a particular function to be executed. 

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVCOE, New Delhi Subject:: C++ Programming

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