Kinesiology Unit 1

Principles and Terminology

Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

What is Kinesiology?

• Kines = movement
• Kinesiology is the study of how the body moves

What is needed for movement?

• Body systems and other things needed for movement?
• Skeletal 5. Nervous
• Muscle 6. Digestive
• Cardiovascular 7. Endocrine
• Respiratory 8. Yes, even the urinary system

Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

What is needed for movement continued…

• Virtually every body system and most organs contribute to movement
• A way to organize needed things:
• Structures: Muscles and bones
• Forces and Energy: muscle actions and ATP
• Communication and transportation: The nervous, cardio, respiratory
• Chemical resources: Oxygen and nutrients

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Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

Kinesiology is a sub discipline of Anatomy & Physiology

• So...what is Anatomy?
• Why does that matter?

Think about skeletal joints...Can you name these joints?

Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

Kinesiology is a sub-study of Anatomy & Physiology

• So...what is Anatomy & Physiology?

Anatomy = Structures

&

Physiology = Functions and how

things work

Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

A specific example: Exercise Physiology

• How your body functions during physical activity and maximizing performance
• FOR EACH ITEM BELOW, WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO MAXIMIZE THAT PERFORMANCE
• Muscle activity: maximum muscle performance means…..and is that always the same?
• Skeletal requirements: maximizing our skeletal performance means….
• Cardiac output: maximizing CO performance means…
• Respiration: maximizing respiration performance means…

Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

To study the body you need to know the lingo...

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The Anatomical Position

Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

To study the body you need to know the lingo...

Body Planes

1. Sagittal/midsagittal (median)
2. Transverse (horizontal)
3. Frontal (coronal)

Axes of the body

• Longitudinal
• Horizontal/mediolateral/transverse
• Anteroposterior

The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement

Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

Consider bending at the elbow

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What plane is the arm moving within?

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What axis is it pivoting around?

The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement

Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

Sagittal Plane is perpendicular to the horizontal/mediolateral axes

Transverse Plane is perpendicular to the longitudinal axes

Frontal/Coronal Plane is perpendicular to the anteroposterior axes

The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement

Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

• Types of motion:
• Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension
• Abduction / Adduction
• Circumduction
• Rotation = spinning the head as to say no
• Internal / External Rotation
• Medial / Lateral Rotation
• Inversion / Eversion
• Supination / Pronation
• Dorsiflexion / Plantar flexion

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• Opposition / Reposition
• Protraction / Retraction
• Elevation / Depression

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• ROM (Range of Motion): Motion allowed by each joint

In regards to muscles, why would having different names for opposite movements be important? For example, flexion and extension of the wrist.

Goniometer

• GONIOMETERS
• Measure tools to measure range of motion
• Who would use a goniometer?
• PT, Orthopedics, sports medicine doctors, veterinarians
• Why would they use this tool? How are they helpful
• What can they diagnose or understand the abilities
• Passive, active and active assisted
• Used to measure progress in recovery

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How important are proper motions?

What’s the big deal? Why would it be important to know, not only what the body motions are, but how they are SUPPOSED to function?

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Because…

Your hip problem might be

Caused by your big toe!

How important is it to know about Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion?

Pivot point of force is shifted back from big toe joint

Force

How important is it to know about Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion?

Maximalist Shoes

• Thicker midsole
• Benefit of foot “rolling” during running from the heel to toe
• Can reduce force on the toe joints

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How important is it to know about Supination and Pronation?

How can you easily tell if you tend to supinate or pronate your feet?

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HINT: It’s probably the first thing a physical therapist will do if you go to them with a foot, ankle, or knee problem.

How important is it to know about Supination and Pronation?

Some shoe companies make shoes to help correct supination and pronation - but make sure you buy the correct ones! Why?

Olympics of Motion

Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

Directional Terms

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• Superior and inferior – towards and away from the head
• Anterior (ventral) – towards the “front”
• Posterior (dorsal) – towards the “back”
• Medial and Lateral – towards and away from the midline
• Proximal and Distal: closer and farther to/from the body core
• Superficial and deep – toward and away from a surface (deep muscle vs superficial muscle)

Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

Body regions associated with movement:

• Cervical -
• Acromial -
• Brachial -
• Olecranal -
• Carpal -
• Digits -
• Iliac -
• Patellar -
• Popliteal -
• Femoral -
• Tarsal -

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Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

Body Systems

1. Skeletal
2. Muscular
3. Respiratory
4. Cardiovascular
5. Nervous
6. Digestive
7. Endocrine

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Unit 1: Principles and Terminology

Body Systems

• Skeletal - Bones of the body for structure and support
• Muscular - Creates force to move the body by pulling (never pushing)
• Respiratory - allows us to exchange gas (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out)
• Cardiovascular - the heart pumps blood to deliver gases and nutrients
• Nervous - electrical communication from the CNS to the rest of the body
• Digestive - allows us to take in the foods and fuel needed for all cell function
• Endocrine - releases hormones that can influence motion like adrenalin

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Working together: 7 sided dice, 6 sided dice