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Vimukt Jati Seve Samitties

drmaheshpentewar@gmail.com

Dr. Mahesh S. Pentewar

(Associate Professor & Research Guide in Zoology)

An Introduction of

PROTOZOA

Phylum

PROTOZOA

(Pro= 1^st + Zoa= Animal)

Some Examples

• (e.g., Amoeba)

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• (e.g., Euglena)

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• (e.g., Plasmodium)

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• (e.g., Paramecium)

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General Characteristics

• About 3 laks species known.
• Very small, microscopic with simple organization.
• Size = microscopic (3 to 1,000 microns).
• Free living, commensal, parasitic.
• However, specialized intracellular "organelles" are present.

• Locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella, cilia or some time absent.

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Flagella

Cilia

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• Symmetry = all types (bilateral, radial, spherical, or asymmetrical) body covered by P.M., pellicle, cuticle or shell.
• Mostly naked, but few have simple protective exoskeletons (test).

Ex. = Arcella.

Test

Pseudopod

• Nutrition = holozoic (animal like), holophytic (plant like), Saprozoic (dead org. matter) & saprophytic ( liquid food).
• Respiration & excertion through general body surface, contractile vacuole help in excretion & osmoregulation.
• Unicellular having one or many nuclei, all body functions are carried out by one cell.

• Body controlled by nucleus. They may be single, double or many.

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• Reproduction both i.e asexual & sexual asexual by binnary fission, multiple fission & budding. Sexual by conjugation & gamets.

Binarry fission

Conjugation

• Classification on the basis of their locomotary organs.
• Rhizopoda : ex. Amoeba

( pseudopodium )

• Mastigophora : ex. Euglena

( flagella )

• Sporozoa : ex. Plasmodium

( absent )

• Cilliophora : ex. Paramoecium

( cillia )

Class I = Rhizopoda

Contractile Vacuole

Nucleus

Food Vacuole

pray

Pseudopod

Plasmalemma

• Locomotion with pseudopoda,body covered by plasmalema
• Mouth absent, irregular, body nacked or with Shell.
• Reproduction by

Binnary fission.

Contractile vacuole

in fresh water.

• Ex. Amoeba

Arcella

Polystomella.

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Arcella

Amoeba hunting food

Class II = Mastigophora

• Locomotion with flagella, food captured with flagella.
• Body covered thin pellicle or cuticle.
• Plastids having various colours.
• Holozoic & autotropic.
• Reproduction

asexual by

longitudinal fission

• Ex. Euglena

Noctiluca

Trypanosoma

Trypanasoma

Trypanosoma organism

Red Blood Cells

Euglena

Class III = Sporozoa

• Organisms do not have locomotary organs.
• Endoparasitic, Nutrition through general body surface.
• Body covered cuticle, no contractile vacuole and meganucleus.
• Sexual reproduction by gamete formation, Asexual reproduction by multiple fission.
• Food absorbed directly from host
• Causes serious diseases.
• Ex. Plasmodium

Monocystis

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trophozoite

merozoite

Ring stage

RBC

Life cycle of Plasmodium

Plasmodium – agent

For malaria

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Final Host

Vector

Class IV = Cilliophora

• Locomotary & food eating organelles cilia.
• Two types nuclei, meganucleus (vegetative) & micronucleus (reproductive),Body covered by pellicle.
• Osmoregulation & excreation

with help of contractile vacuole.

• Asexual reproduction by binnary

fission, Sexual with conjugation.

• Ex. Paramoecium, Opalina

Vorticella, Balantidium.

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Opalina Vorticella Nuc

Nucleus

Summary

• Microscopic, simple unicellular
• Body function on cell, nuclei controll body.
• Different habit- free, commensal or parasitic.
• All symmetry, P.M., pellicle, cuticle.
• Locomotion- pseudopodia, flagella, cilia.
• Nutrition- holozoic, holophytic, saprozoic, saprophytic.
• Osmoregulation, excretion, respiration (C. vacuole).
• Meganuclei ( vegetative) & micronucli (reproductive)
• Both type of reproduction.
• Examples: amoeba, arcella, euglena, plasmodium, paramoecium, opalina, trypanosoma etc.

Thank You

Dr. M.S.Pentewar