MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

CHAPTER 5

Ramachandran.T M,

PGT Geography,

JNV Malappuram.

We start our day with minerals

Silica

Limestone

Aluminium oxide

Fluoride

Titanium oxide

Mica

petroleum

WHAT IS A MINERAL?

Homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.

Examples:-

Iron

Diamond

Coal

Petroleum

Gold

Limestone

Copper

HOW ARE MINERALS CLASSIFIED?

ON THE BASIS OF

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COLOUR

HARDNESS

CRYSTAL FORMS

LUSTRE

DENSITY

CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS

OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS

1. As veins and lodes in Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks

2. In beds or layers in Sedimentary Rocks

3. Residual mass of weathered material

4. Alluvial deposits or placer deposits in valley floors

5.In ocean waters

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MINES

Open pit

quarry

Underground mine

MAJOR MINERALS OF INDIA

Iron ore

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Manganese

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Copper

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Bauxite

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METALLIC MINERALS

NON METALLIC MINERALS

Mica

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Limestone

STATEWISE PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE IN PER CENT-2016-17

MAJOR IRON BELTS IN INDIA

1. Odisha-Jharkhand belt
2. Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt
3. Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumkuru belt
4. Maharashtra-Goa belt

STATEWISE PRODUCTION OF MANGANESE AND BAUXITE

MANGANESE

BAUXITE

MANGANESE AND BAUXITE

MANGANESE

• Ferrous Mineral
• Used in the manufacturing of steel
• Also used in the manufacturing of bleaching powder, insecticides and paints

BAUXITE

• Non-ferrous Mineral
• It is the ore of aluminium
• It is as strong as iron and extremely light and has good conductivity and great malleability

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NON METALLIC MINERALS�

MICA

• It is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves
• Excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor and resistance to high voltage.
• Widely used in electric and electronic industries

LIMESTONE

• It is found in sedimentary rocks.
• Found in association with calcium and magnesium carbonates
• Raw material in cement industry and used in iron ore smelting

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CONSERVATION OF MINERALS

WHY?

1. Total amount of usable mineral accounts only 1% of the earth’s crust.
2. Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable.
3. Over extraction leads to increase in costs and decrease in quality.

METHODS FOR MINERAL CONSERVATION

1. Use mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner

2. Develop technology to use low grade ores at low costs.

3. Recycling of metals

4. Use scrap metals and other substitutes

ENERGY RESOURCES

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES

• Firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity.
• Not easily renewable
• Cause more pollution
• Use of cow dung cake and firewood would affect forest wealth and agriculture

NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES

• Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.
• Renewable
• Cause less pollution.
• sustainable

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

COAL

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PETROLEUM

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NATURAL GAS

COAL

Formed due to the compression of plant material over millions of years

It is found in a variety of forms depending on the

1. Degrees of compression
2. The depth
3. Time of burial
4. Carbon content

DIFFERENT FORMS OF COAL

1. Lignite: low grade brown coal. Mainly used for generation of electricity.

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• Bituminous coal: it is buried deep and subjected high temperature. Widely used for commercial purpose.

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• Anthracite coal: highest quality hard coal

COAL FIELDS OF INDIA

PETROLEUM

• It provides fuel for heat and lighting
• lubricants for machinery
• raw material for many industries
• nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries

MAJOR OIL FIELDS OF INDIA

1. Mumbai High

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2. Ankaleshwar-Gujarat

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3.Digboi and Naharkatiya-Assam

NATURAL GAS

1. It is a source of energy and a raw material in the petrochemical industry.

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2. It is ecofriendly fuel because of low co2 emission

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3. Major reserves of natural gas are found in Krishna-Godavari basin, Mumbai High, Gulf of Cambay and Andaman and Nicobar Islands

ELECTRICITY

Hydro Electricity

Electricity is generated from fast flowing water

Thermal Electricity

Electricity generated by using coal, petroleum, and natural gas

NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

• Solar energy
• Nuclear energy
• Wind power
• Biogas
• Tidal energy
• Geo thermal energy

Solar energy

Being a tropical country, India has huge scope for developing solar power.

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Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity

WIND POWER

India has great potential of wind power.

Largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu

BIOGAS

Shrubs, farm waste and animal waste are used to produce biogas.

In rural areas ‘Gobar gas plants’ use cattle dung to produce biogas.

It provide energy and improve the quality of manure

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES

• Increase the use of renewable sources of energy
• Use public transport system instead of individual vehicles
• Switch off electricity when not in use
• Use power saving devices
• Use non conventional sources of energy