Presented by�Sachin Bajwan�DSGN: PGT Geography�School-JNV Kathua (J&K)����

EVOLUTION OF THE HIMALAYAN DRAINAGE�

• During the Miocene period some 5-24 million years ago
• Geologists believe that a mighty river called Shiwalik or Indo-Brahma
• traversed the entire longitudinal extent of the Himalaya from Assam to Punjab
• onwards to Sind, and finally discharged into the Gulf of Sind near lower Punjab

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The Evolution of Peninsular Drainage System

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• Three major geological events
• Subsidence of the western flank of the Peninsula
• the northern flank of the Peninsular block was subjected to subsidence
• Slight tilting of the Peninsular block from northwest to the southeastern direction

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River regime can describe one of two characteristics of a reach of an alluvial river:

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• The variability in its discharge throughout the course of a year in response to precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration and drainage basin characteristics (Beckinsale, 1969)

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• A series of characteristic power-law relationships between discharge and width, depth and slope

EXTENT OF USABILITY OF RIVER WATER

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River Water can be used in the following way

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1. Construction of dams
2. Inter linking of rivers
3. Construction of check dams
4. Construction of canals parallel to the river
5. Lift irrigation

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PROBLEMS OF RIVER WATER USABILITY

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• No availability in sufficient quantity
• River water pollution
• Load of silt in the river water
• Uneven seasonal flow of water
• River water disputes between states
• Shrinking of channels due to the extension of settlements towards the thalweg

Why are the rivers polluted?

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• Most of the cremation grounds are on the banks of rivers
• the dead bodies are sometimes Thrown in the rivers. On the occasion of some festivals, the flowers and statues are immersed in the rivers.
• Large scale bathing and washing of clothes also pollute river waters.

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Thank You