IMMIGRANTS AND URBANIZATION

AMERICA BECOMES A MELTING POT IN THE LATE 19^TH & EARLY 20^TH CENTURY

SECTION 1:THE NEW IMMIGRANTS

• Millions of immigrants entered the U.S. in the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries
• Some came to escape difficult conditions, others known as “birds of passage” intended to stay only temporarily to earn money, and then return to their homeland

EUROPEANS

• Between 1870 and 1920, about 20 million Europeans arrived in the United States
• Before 1890, most were from western and northern Europe
• After 1890, most came from southern and eastern Europe
• All were looking for opportunity

CHINESE

• Between 1851 and 1882, about 300,000 Chinese arrived on the West Coast
• Some were attracted by the Gold Rush, others went to work for the railroads, farmed or worked as domestic servants
• An anti-Chinese immigration act by Congress curtailed immigration after 1882

Many Chinese men worked for the railroads

JAPANESE

• In 1884, the Japanese government allowed Hawaiian planters to recruit Japanese workers
• The U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 increased Japanese immigration to the west coast
• By 1920, more than 200,000 Japanese lived on the west coast

THE WEST INDIES AND MEXICO

• Between 1880 and 1920, about 260,000 immigrants arrived in the eastern and southeastern United States form the West Indies
• They came from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islands
• Mexicans, too, immigrated to the U.S. to find work and flee political turmoil – 700,000 Mexicans arrived in the early 20^th century

LIFE IN THE NEW LAND

• In the late 19^th century most immigrants arrived via boats
• The trip from Europe took about a month, while it took about 3 weeks from Asia
• The trip was arduous and many died along the way
• Destination was Ellis Island for Europeans, and Angel Island for Asians

ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK

• Ellis Island was the arrival point for European immigrants
• They had to pass inspection at the immigration stations
• Processing took hours, and the sick were sent home
• Immigrants also had to show that they were not criminals, had some money ($25), and were able to work
• From 1892-1924, 17 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island’s facilities

ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR

ANGEL ISLAND, SAN FRANCISCO

• Asians, primarily Chinese, arriving on the West Coast gained admission at Angel Island in the San Francisco Bay
• Processing was much harsher than Ellis Island as immigrants withstood tough questioning and long detentions in filthy conditions

ANGEL ISLAND WAS CONSIDERED MORE HARSH THAN ELLIS ISLAND

FRICTION DEVELOPS

• While some immigrants tried to assimilate into American culture, others kept to themselves and created ethnic communities
• Committed to their own culture, but also trying hard to become Americans, many came to think of themselves as Italian-Americans, Polish-Americans, Chinese-Americans, etc
• Some native born Americans disliked the immigrants unfamiliar customs and languages – friction soon developed

Chinatowns are found in many major cities

IMMIGRANT RESTRICTIONS

• As immigration increased, so did anti-immigrant feelings among natives
• Nativism (favoritism toward native-born Americans) led to anti-immigrant organizations and governmental restrictions against immigration
• In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which limited Chinese immigration until 1943

Anti-Asian feelings included restaurant boycotts

SECTION 2: THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION

• Rapid urbanization occurred in the late 19^th century in the Northeast & Midwest
• Most immigrants settled in cities because of the available jobs & affordable housing
• By 1910, immigrants made up more than half the population of 18 major American cities

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MIGRATION FROM �COUNTRY TO CITY

• Rapid improvements in farm technology (tractors, reapers, steel plows) made farming more efficient in the late 19^th century
• It also meant less labor was needed to do the job
• Many rural people left for cities to find work- including almost ¼ million African Americans

Discrimination and segregation were often the reality for African Americans who migrated North

URBAN PROBLEMS

• Problems in American cities in the late 19^th and early 20^th century included:
• Housing: overcrowded tenements were unsanitary
• Sanitation: garbage was often not collected, polluted air

Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements

URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED

• Transportation: Cities struggled to provide adequate transit systems
• Water: Without safe drinking water cholera and typhoid fever was common
• Crime: As populations increased thieves flourished
• Fire: Limited water supply and wooden structures combined with the use of candles led to many major urban fires – Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906 were two major fires

Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans fleeing the fire over the Randolph Street bridge in 1871

PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITY

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

REFORMERS MOBILIZE

• Jacob Riis was a reformer who through his pictures hoped for change– he influenced many
• The Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service to the poor
• Some reformers established Settlement Homes
• These homes provided a place to stay, classes, health care and other social services
• Jane Addams was the most famous member of the Settlement Movement (founded Hull House in Chicago)

Jane Addams and Hull House

SECTION 3: POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE

• As cities grew in the late 19^th century, so did political machines
• Political machines controlled the activities of a political party in a city
• Ward bosses, precinct captains, and the city boss worked to ensure their candidate was elected

ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS

• The “Boss” (typically the mayor) controlled jobs, business licenses, and influenced the court system
• Precinct captains and ward bosses were often 1^st or 2^nd generation immigrants so they helped immigrants with naturalization, jobs, and housing in exchange for votes

Boss Tweed ran NYC

MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDAL

• Some political bosses were corrupt
• Some political machines used fake names and voted multiple times to ensure victory (“Vote early and often”) – called Election fraud
• Graft (bribes) was common among political bosses
• Construction contracts often resulted in “kick-backs”
• The fact that police forces were hired by the boss prevented close scrutiny

THE TWEED RING SCANDAL

• William M. Tweed, known as Boss Tweed, became head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic political machines
• Between 1869-1871, Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city
• Tweed was indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion
• Tweed was sentenced to 12 years in jail – released after one, arrested again, and escaped to Spain

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Boss Tweed

CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE

• Nationally, some politicians pushed for reform in the hiring system
• The system had been based on Patronage; giving jobs and favors to those who helped a candidate get elected
• Reformers pushed for an adoption of a merit system of hiring the most qualified for jobs
• The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan commission to make appointments for federal jobs based on performance

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Applicants for federal jobs are required to take a Civil Service Exam