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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT�(E-SUPPLY)��Materi Pertemuan ke-12

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E-supply Chain

  • Supply Chain adalah aliran material, informasi, uang, dan servis/jasa dari bahan baku yang diperoleh melalui supplier sampai ke pabrikasi dan pergudangan dan akhirnya ke pelanggan akhir.

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  • Supply Chain berasal dari konsep penggabungan (link) partner-partner organisasi/perusahaan bersama-sama.

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Tiga segmen rantai pasokan

  • Aliran ke atas / hulu

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  • Internal

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  • Aliran ke bawah / hilir

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Gambar Rantai Persediaan Sederhana �(Simple Supply Chain)

2nd tier

Supplier

2nd tier

Supplier

2nd tier

Supplier

1st tier

Supplier

1st tier

Supplier

Assembly/

Manufacturing

And packaging

Distribution

Centers

Retailers

Customers

Upstream

Internal

Downstream

Oil

Refinery

Sheet

Metal

Lumber�Company

Pulp

Company

Plastic

Components

Manufacturer

Paper

Company

Box

Makers,

Printers

Toy

Assembler/

Manufacturer

Toy

Packaging

Retailers

Customers

Distribution

Shipping

Shipping

Contoh: Toys Manufacturer Process

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Example : Cadbury Supply Chain

  • Our supply chain

The processes involved in making one of our chocolate bars, Cadbury Dairy Fruit & Nut, at our factory in Bournville in the United Kingdom, give a good illustration of how supply chains, and our relationships within them, can differ.

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  • A complex and diverse supply chain

For us the term 'supply chain' describes the process we use to obtain the ingredients, packaging goods and services that we need to do our business.

At Cadbury

Schweppes, we have several

supply chains, depending

on the item we are sourcing.

Our supply chain for milk, for

example, is different from the

supply chain for advertising,

and supply chains for the same

item can also vary from country

to country.

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Making and advertising �Cadbury Dairy Milk in the UK

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  • The processes involved in making one of our chocolate bars, Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut, at our factory in Bournville in the United Kingdom, give a good illustration of how supply chains, and our relationships within them, can differ.
  • Advertising - one step away Cadbury Schweppes has direct contracts with the advertising agency responsible for advertising and promoting Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut. This means the advertising agency is one step away from our company.

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  • Milk - two steps away The milk that goes into our chocolate bar comes from the United Kingdom. We buy it from farmer-run cooperatives. Here we have direct dealings with the co-operatives but not with the individual farmers, which means the farmers who produce the milk are two steps away from our company.
  • Raisins - two steps away The raisins in our chocolate bar come from Turkey. We buy the raisins from a family-owned Turkish processing plant near Izmir, which buys its raisins from around 1,000 small farmers. The raisins are traceable back to the original farms. The processing plant maintains close relations with the farmers to ensure quality. We are two steps away from these 1,000 small farmers.

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  • Almonds - two steps away The almonds in our chocolate bar come from California. We buy the almonds from a processor who in turn buys them from the farmer. Here we are two steps away from the original producers, the Californian almond growers.
  • Sugar - two steps away The sugar we buy comes from the UK and mainland Europe. We buy it from sugar processors. The sugar processor buys sugar beet direct from the farmer. The farmers who grow the sugar beet we use are therefore two steps away from our company.
  • Cocoa - three or more steps away Cocoa for our chocolate bar is sourced from Ghana. We buy cocoa from the Ghanaian government Cocoa Board (COCOBOD), which controls the cocoa trade in Ghana. Between COCOBOD and the farmer there are licensed buying companies. They buy cocoa from the farmer and transport it to the seaport. Here we are three steps or more away from more than half a million farmers.

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  • How much influence we can exert on particular supply chains varies. If we are a major buyer of a product, or where we buy directly from the producer, our influence can be great. When we are not a major buyer, or where we are several steps away from the producer, our influence tends to be more limited. Nevertheless we still recognise our responsibilities for each link in our supply chain.

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Manajemen E-Supply (e-SCM)

Merupakan penggunaan teknologi untuk meningkatkan proses B2B dan peningkatan kecepatan, ketahanan, kontrol langsung, serta kepuasan pelanggan

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Teknologi dimanfaatkan untuk peningkatan kegiatan operasi dari rantai persediaan (Supply Chain)

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Selain teknologi, juga melibatkan perubahan² pada kebijakan manajemen, budaya organisasi, proses bisnis, dan struktur organisasi

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Kesuksesan E-supply chain bergantung pada:

  1. Kemampuan dari semua partner pada Supply Chain untuk memandang kolaborasi ini sebagai sebuah aset strategi
  2. Kemampuan untuk melihat informasi yang ada pada semua partner Supply Chain
  3. Kecepatan, biaya, kualitas, dan layanan pelanggan
  4. Pengintegrasian rantai persediaan yang lebih erat

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Manajemen E-Supply (e-SCM)

Aktivitas/proses yang ada pada E-SCM:

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  • Pengisian ulang persediaan
  • E-procurement (pemesanan)
  • Kolaborasi Perencanaan
  • Kolaborasi desain dan pengembangan produk
  • E-logistics
  • Perdagangan dengan B2B dan Supply Web

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Permasalahan dalam�Supply Chain

  • Supply Chain dapat menjadi sangat lama karena melibatkan partner internet dan eksternal yang berada di banyak tempat berbeda

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  • Masalah kualitas material, yang bisa terjadi karena kesalahan pengiriman jenis material

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  • Tidak adanya infrastruktur logistik (sistem)

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  • Order yang tidak menentu baik dari pemasok maupun distributor

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Solusi �E-commerce untuk Supply Chain

  1. Order melalui internet, EDI, ekstranet secara otomatis

Cth: pada B2B, order transmisikan secara otomatis ke pemasok ketika level inventori sudah mencapai titik tertentu

  1. Memenuhi order secara langsung
  2. Pembayaran Elektronik dapat mempercepat pemenuhan order dan jangka waktu pembayaran
  3. Persediaan dapat diperkecil dengan melakukan pemesanan bila akan ada produksi dan dengan memberikan informasi yang cepat dan akurat kepada pemasok
  4. Kolaborasi perdagangan antara anggota Supply Chain dapat dilakukan di banyak area sehingga dapat mengurangi keterlambatan, gangguan pada pekerjaan, biaya administrasi dan inventori

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Kolaborasi Perdagangan

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Kegiatan ini dibedakan dari penjualan dan pembelian. Cth: sebuah perusahaan yang berkolaborasi secara elektronik dengan pemasoknya yang mendesain produk atau bagian-bagiannya untuk perusahaan tersebut

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Keuntungan : pengurangan biaya, peningkatan pendapata, dan hubungan yg lebih baik dengan customer

Penggunaan teknologi digital yang memungkinkan perusahaan-perusahaan untuk secara bersama-sama merencanakan, merancang, mengatur, dan meneliti produk, servis, dan aplikasi EC yang inovatif

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Kolaborasi Perdagangan

  1. Kolaborasi Tradisional

terjadi di antara anggota-anggota Supply Chain, biasanya yang dekat satu dengan yg lainnya seperti manufaktur dan distributornya atau distributor dan pedagang.

Bahkan bila ada lebih banyak partner yang terlibat, fokusnya adalah peningkatan informasi dan aliran produk di antara mereka.

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  1. Kolaborasi Jaringan

Setiap partner dapat berinteraksi dengan semua unsur dalam Supply Chain. Interaksinya dapat terjadi diantara beberapa manufaktur atau distributor.

Kolaborasi jaringan dapat berbeda-beda bentuk, tergantung pada industri yang dijalankan, produk/servis, volume arus informasi, dan lainnya

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Kolaborasi Tradisional

Suppliers

Manufacturers,

Assemblers

Distributors,

Warehousing

Retailers

Customers

CPFR

Contract

Manufacturing

CPFR

VMI

Logistic

Services

Demand

Aggregators

Financial

Services

Supply

Aggregators

VMI

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Kolaborasi Jaringan

Sub

Suppliers

Component

Suppliers

Raw Material

Suppliers

Manufacturers

Assemblers

Distributor

Reseller

Distributor

Contract

Manufacturers

Consumer

Retailer

Business

Customer

Logistics

Logistics

Logistics

VMI

E-marketplace

Financial

Services

Financial

Services

Financial

Services

E-marketplace

Demand

Aggregator

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Contoh E-Collaboration �(E-Kolaborasi)

  • Berbagi informasi antara Pedagang dan Pemasok barang

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  • Kolaborasi Pedagang-Pemasok (mengumpulkan partner sebanyak mungkin)

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  • Pengurangan waktu perencanaan pemesanan bahan baku

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  • Pengurangan waktu untuk pengembangan produk