Released Biology EOC 2019
Vacuole holds water
Ribosome
2. What determines the function of a specialized cell?
Different genes get activated in different cells that are important to their function
(turn on genes they need, turn off genes they don’t!)
Gene Activation - makes protein coded for by that gene
3. This diagram shows a red blood cell in a beaker that contains a solution with a higher salt concentration than that inside the red blood cell.
What will happen to the red blood cell in this environment?
SALT SUCKS! Water will move towards areas of more salt, sugar, etc.
4. During which phase of the cell cycle does most cell growth occur?
G1 and G2 (G = GROWTH)
Daughter cells separate
Chromatin coils into chromosomes
5. This diagram represents a closed terrarium exposed to sunlight. What must happen for the carbon cycle to continue in this terrarium?
The products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis and vice versa! (Same equation, just flipped) Respiration produces the CO2 needed for photosynthesis and photosynthesis produces the O2 needed for respiration.
6. In nature, which type of behavior causes animals to produce aggressive displays and sounds?
Forming strong attachments to others
Defending one’s mates, space, family, food
Learning to associate cues with certain behaviors to do
Learning to tune out/ignore something that doesn’t hurt or harm you
7. What will most likely occur if the population of the world continues to increase at predicted rates?
DECREASE
Worse disease spread (density-dependent limiting factor)
8. What will most likely happen if a nonnative species is introduced into a stable ecosystem?
INVASIVE species have no natural predators, so their populations grow out of control and outcompete natives for resources needed for survival
9. Why must DNA replication have to occur before a cell can divide by mitosis?
All somatic (body) cells are clones of each other – genetically identical. They should have the same copy of DNA/genetic information.
Don’t want to be 4n; too many chromosomes!
meiosis
meiosis
10. A section of DNA has these bases:
TAG CAG TAC
Which mRNA sequence is produced from this DNA section?
11. Which process can occur in both mitosis and meiosis?
Mistakes can be made at any time when we go through DNA replication in interphase
Homologous pairs line up randomly to be separated in meiosis
Occurs when gametes fuse – gametes made by meiosis
Source of variation in meiosis – homologous chromosomes exchange genes
12. How do some chemicals increase the risk of a person getting cancer?
13. What is the difference between the DNA of a dog and the DNA of a fly?
Just determines if DNA (deoxyribose) or RNA (ribose)
Different species have different traits because of differences in DNA – nitrogenous bases code for genes – different order means different amino acids produced from genes based on the codon chart
14. Which would be a desirable trait scientists may want to create in a transgenic plant?
Improves crop yield if less insects eat them
Prefer more, not less
Using less water would be more sustainable/self-sufficient
Plants can’t rely hide from predators like animals…and they lose their leaves
(GMO)
15. Which substance do biochemists often search for in fossils to help better understand the evolutionary relationships of the organism that formed the fossil?
The more related you are, the more DNA you share in common
16. Scientists believe that the polar bear in Alaska and the brown bear in Russia evolved from a common ancestor. Which would be responsible for this evolutionary change?
Polar and brown bear are two different species. Speciation is primarily caused by isolating events that prevent breeding, such as a geographic barrier.
Humans choose who breeds
17. What is the basis for the earliest classification system of organisms?
Aristotle’s method – NO LONGER USED
All other answers are used in the current classification system developed by Linnaeus
18. Waxes create a waterproof layer on the outside of some living organisms. To which group of organic molecules do waxes belong?
19. Which best summarizes the role of DNA in the production of proteins?
mRNA
tRNA
Amino acids are held together by covalent peptide bonds, not hydrogen. Also, unzipping of hydrogen bonds is done by the enzyme helicase.
20. A student noticed that the freshwater plant, Elodea, produced bubbles when placed in direct light. What could the student most likely conclude?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS!!!!
21. Plant cells are able to produce their own food. This process happens in which structure?
Cellular resp – breaks down sugar to make ATP
Water storage
photosynthesis
22. How can cells from the same organism have such different shapes and functions?
All body cells are clones of fertilized egg – same DNA
Certain genes are read and activated, other genes are ignored
Mutations are random and occur in unpredictable spots in DNA – they aren’t programmed
23. Which statement best explains how sweating during exercise maintains homeostasis?
24. The chemical colchicine disrupts cell division. Which cell process would most likely stop if colchicine were added to a culture of human liver cells?
Liver is a somatic cell, so must be created during mitosis
25. Which statement best explains why animals are considered heterotrophic?
Autotroph – auto means “self”
heterotroph – hetero means “other”
26. In some ecosystems, wolves have been eliminated due to their threats to humans. How can the reintroduction of wolves benefit the ecosystem?
Maintain healthy trophic relationships in food chain so prey don’t overpopulate and strip resources from ecosystem
Most fit survive, not die
27. What will most likely be the result as humans move into new areas, forests are clear cut and housing developments are built?
Temps will increase bc less trees to remove CO2 through photosynthesis = more global warming
28. What activity most contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer?
Climate change
Habitat loss and climate change
Eutrophication
29. Which effect could a mutation in mRNA have on the production of proteins?
Point or frameshift mutations can cause the codons to change such that different amino acids are used. Different amino acid sequence = different protein!
30. What carries the instructions for making amino acids in a protein?
tRNA delivers amino acids
mRNA = “message” for how to build protein
31. How are mitosis and meiosis similar?
Interphase is exactly the same in all types of cell division. It goes through G1, S and G2 which entails growth and replication. All cells must copy their DNA so that the resulting daughter cells can have instructions to tell the cell what to do.
Meiosis only
Meiosis only
Meiosis only
32. Genetically identical plants will produce either pink flowers or blue flowers, depending on the type of soil in which they are planted. What is most likely the explanation for the differences in flower color?
Soil determines the phenotype, not alleles.
Would see pattern of both colors
Would see differences btwn genders
33. This diagram shows DNA fingerprints for a child and four adults. Which adult is most likely a parent of the child?
Adult 4 has the most bands in common with the child
34. Which transgenic organism has been used to clean up oil spills?
Bacteria are the most commonly genetically modified organism, followed by plants and animals. GMO bacteria are used to make many human medicines and to clean up lots of environmental waste.
35. An antibiotic which was effective 20 years ago against a specific type of bacterial infection no longer works against the same kind of infection today. Which best explains why the antibiotic is no longer as effective as it was 20 years ago?
Survival of the fittest – those who are non-resistant are killed by the antibiotics, those who are not affected by them survive and have offspring.
36. An insecticide kills most of the ants on a plant. Over time, it is determined that the insecticide is not as effective for killing ants. Which statement best explains this observation?
Survival of the fittest – those who are non-resistant are killed by the insecticide, those who are not affected by them survive and have offspring. Mutations are the ultimate source of variation in natural selection.
37. Multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs belong to which kingdom?
38. Salivary amylase is an enzyme in humans that breaks down starches. What substance would humans have difficulty digesting without this enzyme?
39. Which best explains why the rate of a biochemical reaction decreases at high temperatures?
Enzymes denature at high temperatures, which makes them lose their function. When denatured, their shape changes. If the shape of the active site changes, the substrate will no longer be able to bind to the active site. They work like a puzzle or “lock and key.”
40. A contractile vacuole helps protists eliminate excess liquid. This is a “pumping" process which reduces pressure inside the cell and prevents the cell from bursting. What is most likely the source of energy for this process?
41. What do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain?
Eukaryotes only
Eukies have nukies! Pro = no!
Eukaryotes only
42. Which of these cells in the human body is specialized to transport oxygen throughout the body?
Nerves send messages
Red blood cell
Sperm for reproduction
Muscle fiber for movement
43. What would most likely be produced when a cell with eight chromosomes undergoes mitosis?
All somatic (body) cells are clones of each other – genetically identical. They should have the same copy of DNA/genetic information.
If this question had said meiosis, it would be 4 cells with 4 chromosomes.
44. This diagram shows a When a chemical is added to the pond water in which the Paramecium lives, the Paramecium stops moving. Which structure is most likely affected?
cilia
contractile vacuole
Oral groove “mouth”
food vacuole
45. Which adaptation do ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms have that mosses do not have?
All plants have stomata (lips for gas exchange) and chloroplasts (photosynthesis). Angiosperms use flowers as their reproductive structures, gymnosperms use cones. Mosses are the ONLY NONVASCULAR plants, so they are low growing to ge the water they need by osmosis since they don’t have xylem.
46. Which graph best illustrates the growth of a population introduced into an environment with limited resources?
Exponential J curve when conditions are ideal. S curve when resources are limited and you near carrying capacity.
47. Which will most likely result in a negative growth rate in the human population of a country?
48. Why are many farmers encouraged to plant different types of crops on the same land throughout the year?
Crop Rotation - Different crops drain different amounts of nutrients from the soil, and some plants may improve nitrogen in the soil (beans and peas with nodules containing N-fixing bacteria). It’s a way of making sure one nutrient in particular is not depleted by planting the same thing over and over.
49. During translation, what does the tRNA deliver to the ribosomes?
50. Which will most likely cause an increase in the frequency of genetic mutations in humans?
Radiation, chemical contaminants and toxins are top mutagens.
51. Having freckles is dominant over not having freckles. If two individuals heterozygous for freckles have a child, what is the probability the child will have freckles?
|
|
|
|
F
f
F
f
FF
Ff
Ff
ff
freckles
freckles
freckles
No freckles
52. Identical twin girls are separated at birth and cared for by two different families. After twenty years, the twins have different heights and weights. What is most likely the cause of these differences?
Identical twins are genetically the same – natural “clones”. Since their DNA is the same, they would make the same proteins (DNA is instructions to build proteins through transcription/translation). Also, if one was born with a genetic condition, the other would be too since DNA is the same. This is environmental influence on phenotype.
53. What is the function of a restriction enzyme?
Used to cut and paste genes to make transgenic organisms and in gel electrophoresis to make the fragments that generate a DNA fingerprint.
54. Some marine worms and mollusks go through similar larval stages during development. Which can be inferred about their relationship?
Homologies – “homo” means same. Similarities in anatomy, proteins, metabolic processes indicate common ancestry because these things are all coded for by instructions in DNA.
55. Which statement best describes natural selection?
Survival of the “fittest” and best adapted. Who is most fit varies from habitat to habitat.
56. Some scientists claim recent evidence suggests birds should be reclassified to share more taxonomic groups with dinosaurs. What type of evidence would provide the best support for this claim?
Taxa = Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
The more taxa you share, the more related you are. DNA is always the best evidence of relation.
57. To which order does the caddis fly belong?
appendages are legs/arms
58. Which molecules are joined together to make proteins?
Make lipids
59. Which word equation best represents the process of cellular respiration?
photosynthesis
60. How does the body of a runner keep up with the demand for energy when cellular oxygen levels are low?
No oxygen = anaerobic respiration. Here, this would be lactic acid fermentation in the muscles.
Need O2 to get into the mitochondria