Module Three: There Goes The Neighborhood

(1607 CE - 1713 CE)

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Professor Ryan Lancaster

Jamestown�(1607 CE)

• In 1607, 104 English men and boys arrived in North America to establish a new settlement.
• They chose Jamestown, Virginia, as their site on May 13, 1607, and named it after King James I.
• Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North America.
• The location was chosen for its defensibility, with water on three sides and deep waters for ship docking.

Jamestown�(1607 CE)

• The site was uninhabited by Native Americans, reducing immediate threats.
• Relations with the Powhatan Indians deteriorated by late 1609 due to the settlers' demands for food during a drought.
• The harsh winter of 1609-1610, known as the "Starving Time," led settlers to resort to cannibalism.
• By early 1610, 80-90% of the Jamestown settlers had died from starvation and disease.

Jamestown�(1607 CE)

• In 1612, John Rolfe introduced a profitable strain of tobacco, sustaining the Virginia Company's investment.
• On July 30, 1619, Governor Yeardley convened the first representative legislative assembly in America.
• A temporary peace between the English and Powhatan, established by Pocahontas' marriage to John Rolfe in 1614, ended with a violent attack in 1622.
• Intermittent warfare continued until a fragile peace was reached in 1632, with ongoing tensions simmering.

Anne Hutchinson�(1637 CE)

• Anne Hutchinson, born in 1591 in Lincolnshire, England, was raised by her Puritan minister father, Francis Marbury. Despite facing prosecution, Marbury emphasized literacy and religious education.
• In 1612, Anne married William Hutchinson, a cloth merchant, and began hosting Bible study sessions, sharing Puritan minister John Cotton's teachings.
• William Hutchinson became a Boston magistrate, while Anne, influenced by Cotton, promoted a religious philosophy that personal connections with God could lead to heaven, challenging Puritan doctrine.
• By 1636, Anne's gatherings had grown to 80 attendees, including Governor Henry Vane. This attracted negative attention from Puritan leaders, who saw her teachings as a threat to the colony's order.

Anne Hutchinson�(1637 CE)

• Governor John Winthrop and John Cotton, fearing church separatism, moved to suppress Anne by forbidding her meetings and sending spies to her sermons.
• In 1637, Anne, while pregnant, was declared a heretic by the General Court, banished from Massachusetts, and her supporters were disarmed and stripped of power.
• After house arrest, Anne and her family and 30 others relocated to Aquidneck Island, Rhode Island, in March 1638, where they founded Portsmouth on Roger Williams' suggestion.
• Despite exile, Massachusetts ministers defamed Anne, spreading rumors that her stillborn baby in June 1638 was a demonic punishment, with Governor Winthrop calling her followers' offspring devilish.

Anne Hutchinson�(1637 CE)

• After William Hutchinson died in 1642, Anne and her children moved to New Amsterdam (now New York City) to escape Massachusetts' interference, settling on Long Island Sound.
• In the summer of 1643, Anne and her family were killed by Native American warriors at their homestead, with 15 people, including Anne, axed to death and their bodies burned.
• Upon learning of Anne's death, Governor Winthrop expressed satisfaction, calling her a "devil's instrument," and later wrote a hostile essay labeling her the "American Jezebel."
• Even after death, Anne's legacy remained contentious, with Winthrop and others vilifying her as a dangerous figure who challenged the religious norms of her time.

Piracy Part One�(1650 CE)

• By 1650, France, England, and the United Provinces built colonial empires, boosting seaborne trade and economic growth.
• French buccaneers in northern Hispaniola (1625) turned to piracy after Spanish efforts to wipe them out and destroy their survival resources.
• Buccaneers migrated from Hispaniola to Tortuga, losing resources but intensifying their piratical activities.
• Pierre Le Grand of Tortuga launched early attacks on Spanish ships, initiating organized piracy.

Piracy Part One�(1650 CE)

• England's 1655 capture of Jamaica fueled buccaneering, with governors issuing letters of marque to legitimize piracy against Spain.
• Port Royal's growth in the 1660s made it a profitable hub for buccaneers to sell stolen goods, drawing more pirates to the Caribbean.
• The French governor of Tortuga issued privateering commissions in the 1660s, leading to a peak in French and English buccaneering.
• In the 1690s, English pirates sought treasure outside the Caribbean, driven by Jamaica and Tortuga's declining cooperation after Britain's Stuart kings fell.

Piracy Part One�(1650 CE)

• The 1692 earthquake that destroyed Port Royal reduced the Caribbean's appeal to pirates by eliminating their primary market.
• Colonial governors began limiting privateering, moving away from the "no peace beyond the Line" policy.
• Due to India's wealth and weak naval defenses in the 1690s, the Indian Ocean became a prime target for pirates, attracting figures like William Kidd.
• Pirate loot value varied; a seaman's share could equal a year's wages, but some, like Captain Thomas Tew's crew, earned millions from a raid.

Documented Slavery�(1640 CE)

• In 1640, John Punch, an enslaved African in Virginia, fled with two European indentured servants but was caught.
• The Virginia Governor's Council sentenced Punch to lifelong slavery, the first legal sanction of perpetual slavery in the English colonies.
• Punch's European companions received extended indentured servitude, marking early legal distinctions between African and European laborers.
• Historians recognize John Punch as the first officially enslaved person in the English colonies, a pivotal moment in U.S. slavery's development.

Documented Slavery�(1640 CE)

• In 1654, John Casor, a black man in Virginia, was legally enslaved for life after a court ruled against his claim of completed indenture.
• Casor's ruling, where he was deemed property, further entrenched lifelong slavery in the colonies.
• This shift from indenture to lifelong slavery for Africans like Casor foreshadowed widespread African enslavement in the future U.S.
• By 1661, Virginia legalized slavery for all races, solidifying lifelong servitude and creating a legal framework for it.

Documented Slavery�(1640 CE)

• Upon Anthony Johnson's death, a former African indentured servant, his race was used to disinherit his children, showing rising racial discrimination in colonial laws.
• In 1656, Elizabeth Key, of African descent, became the first to sue successfully for her freedom, using her English father's status and Christian baptism.
• Key's case highlighted the complexities of racial and legal status in colonial America, especially for mixed-race individuals.
• Her legal success set a precedent for future challenges to slavery and battles over freedom and racial status in the colonies.

Beaver Wars�(1640 CE)

• In the mid-17th century, the Iroquois, facing a beaver shortage, expanded aggressively to take advantage of new fur trade opportunities.
• By the 1620s, the Iroquois, especially the Mohawk, heavily relied on European trade goods, particularly firearms, from Dutch traders along the Hudson River.
• By 1640, as beaver populations declined in the Hudson Valley, the fur trade shifted to Huron-controlled areas along the St. Lawrence River, aligning them with the French.
• Displaced from their trading dominance, the Iroquois launched aggressive campaigns to reclaim control of the fur trade.

Beaver Wars�(1640 CE)

• Relations between the Iroquois and the French deteriorated as the Iroquois, armed by the Dutch, disrupted French trade with the Huron and Algonquin.
• The conflict escalated in the early 1640s when the Iroquois attacked Huron villages to weaken the French fur trade along the St. Lawrence.
• By 1649, the Iroquois had driven the Huron from the lower St. Lawrence, enabling the Ottawa to take over the fur trade with the French.
• In the early 1650s, the Iroquois, led by the Mohawk, launched direct attacks on French settlements.

Beaver Wars�(1640 CE)

• A failed peace negotiation in the mid-1650s led to renewed Iroquois attacks and French invasions of Iroquois territory in 1666, causing widespread destruction and starvation.
• After a generation of peace, war resumed in 1683 as the French governor clashed with Iroquois interests in the western territories.
• The war lasted until 1698, when the Iroquois, weary of European conflicts, sought peace, leading to the 1701 Great Peace of Montreal.
• The treaty established lasting peace, allowing the Iroquois to cease hostilities while the Shawnee eventually regained control over the Ohio Country and the lower Allegheny River.

King Philip's War�(1675 CE)

• In 1643, New England colonies formed the New England Confederation, unifying for colonial defense.
• Metacom, later known as King Philip, became Wampanoag leader after his brother's suspicious death in 1662, heightening tensions with settlers.
• In January 1675, John Sassamon's murder and an ignored warning triggered King Philip's War between the Wampanoag and the English.
• On June 8, 1675, the execution of three Wampanoag men for Sassamon's murder spurred Metacom to launch deadly raids, starting the open conflict.

King Philip's War�(1675 CE)

• Between June 20 and 23, 1675, the Wampanoag devastated Swansea, leading to harsh English retaliation and escalating the war.
• On September 9, 1675, the New England Confederation declared war on Metacom, unifying the colonial military response.
• On December 19, 1675, English forces attacked the Narragansett in the Great Swamp Fight, killing hundreds and forcing the tribe into rebellion.
• Despite early successes, the Wampanoag suffered heavy losses during the winter of 1676 as colonial assaults intensified.

King Philip's War�(1675 CE)

• In April 1676, Chief Canonchet's capture and execution left the Narragansett leaderless, weakening Indian resistance.
• By mid-1676, English forces offered amnesty, leading to the collapse of King Philip's coalition as many Indians surrendered.
• King Philip was killed on August 20, 1676, ending the war; his brutal treatment symbolized the harsh colonial victory.
• King Philip's War ended in 1678, nearly destroying the Wampanoag and other tribes, crippling Indian resistance in New England.

The Business of Slavery

• 1662: Virginia law decreed that children inherited their mother's status, bond or free, overturning English Common Law.
• Late 17th Century: As the British economy improved, fewer indentured servants were available, leading to a shift toward African slavery, initially affordable only to the wealthy.
• 1670: British colonists in Carolina introduced African slavery, with Charleston becoming the critical North American slave port, spreading slavery in the Deep South.
• The early 1700s: Enslaved Africans outnumbered free whites in South Carolina, while Northern colonies practiced slavery on a smaller scale, mainly in towns.

The Business of Slavery

• 1680s: The slave trade surged in the mid-Atlantic, increasing the African population in Virginia and Maryland by 1710, solidifying reliance on slave labor.
• Early 18th Century: England became the leading slave-trading nation, surpassing Spain and Portugal, and expanded the transatlantic slave trade.
• Late 17th Century: Chattel slavery was formalized with harsh slave codes, like South Carolina's 1696 code, limiting enslaved Africans' rights and freedom.
• Colonial Era: The trafficking of Irish laborers, especially after the 1641 Irish rebellion, led to their mass deportation as indentured servants or penal laborers.

The Business of Slavery

• Early 18th Century: Former Irish indentured servants, often released without prospects, sometimes turned to piracy under captains like Henry Morgan.
• Spanish Florida: Escaped enslaved people found refuge in Spanish Florida, gaining freedom by pledging loyalty to Spain and converting to Catholicism.
• South Carolina: The 1696 slave code, updated regularly, exemplified the increasingly rigid legal framework supporting slavery in British North America.
• 17th Century: Native Americans were enslaved and sold to the Caribbean, though some escaped to Spanish Florida, where they gained freedom.

Bacon's Rebellion�(1676 CE)

• Wealthy Virginians built tobacco plantations, paying high colonial taxes, while poorer settlers faced economic hardship.
• Only landowners could vote, leaving many impoverished Virginians and indentured servants disenfranchised.
• Falling tobacco prices hit poor farmers hard, especially those on the frontier who faced Native American threats.
• Governor Berkeley refused military aid to frontier colonists, trying to balance settler demands with Native American interests.

Bacon's Rebellion�(1676 CE)

• Angered by Berkeley's perceived corruption, Nathaniel Bacon formed a militia to fight Native Americans after the governor refused to support them.
• Bacon's militia, with Occaneechi allies, turned on their Native American supporters, slaughtering them and destroying their village.
• Declared a rebel, Bacon was briefly elected to the legislature but expelled after demanding military leadership.
• Furious, Bacon led 500 men to Jamestown, demanding to lead a campaign against Native Americans.

Bacon's Rebellion�(1676 CE)

• Bacon's forces burned Jamestown in September 1676, forcing Governor Berkeley to flee.
• The rebellion collapsed after Bacon died of dysentery in October, leading to the disintegration of rebel forces.
• Governor Berkeley, aided by an English naval squadron, crushed the remaining rebels and hanged 23 of Bacon's supporters.
• In the aftermath, Virginia planters enacted laws making African descent a marker of hereditary enslavement, shaping racial divisions in the colonies and the United States.

Colonial Gambling�(1680 CE)

• Early British-American settlers introduced gambling, which faced mixed community attitudes and few restrictions initially.
• By the 1680s, Virginia's rising upper class monopolized horse racing gambling, excluding the lower classes and cementing their economic dominance.
• Wealthy Virginian landowners formalized gambling rules with codes that emphasized social hierarchies and restricted gambling to the elite.
• Virginians developed a code of honor tied to greed, individualism, materialism, and their right to rule, which influenced their gambling practices.

Colonial Gambling�(1680 CE)

• Virginian gambling dominance went unchallenged until the mid-18th century when Baptists and Methodists began condemning it as morally corrupt.
• Lotteries, held about 392 times in the 13 colonies, were a significant source of entertainment and revenue for colonial funding.
• Lotteries funded early ventures like the Jamestown colony, highlighting gambling's role in colonial economic development.
• The British Crown's 1769 lottery restrictions fueled colonial grievances and revolutionary sentiments.

Colonial Gambling�(1680 CE)

• Gambling was widespread, with even children playing games like "stool ball," "hot cockles," and "snap-apple."
• In 17th-century Virginia, gentlemen's interest in fortune and astrology mirrored their deep engagement in gambling.
• By the late 17th century, horse racing became a significant spectacle and America's first organized sport.
• The Newmarket Course, built in 1665 on Long Island, became a key site for American horse racing, paralleling the prestige of its English namesake.

Birth of Sport�(1691 CE)

• Early American settlers faced conflicts over sports participation, clashing with figures like Governor William Bradford, who disapproved.
• Despite the isolation, colonists kept English sports traditions, though organizing them was difficult due to dispersed populations.
• Sports in colonial America were limited to times of prosperity, increased population, and urban growth.
• Holidays and celebrations like Christmas and Easter often feature various sports and games.

Birth of Sport�(1691 CE)

• Popular colonial games included stoolball, foot races, horseshoes, and bowling, typically played during community events.
• Single men used sports to entertain, impress potential partners, and showcase physical skills.
• Violent sports like wrestling, cockfighting, and bull-baiting offered colonists an outlet for aggression.
• Sports provide an escape from daily hardships and a chance for social interaction.

Birth of Sport�(1691 CE)

• Sports also played a role in courtship, allowing individuals to display strength and attract mates.
• Unlike England, where hunting was restricted to landowners, Americans, including servants and enslaved people, hunted freely due to abundant game.
• In 1691, Governor Sir Francis Nicholson organized horse racing and wrestling events for Virginia's elite, highlighting social distinctions.
• Colonial boys engaged in various sports such as ice skating, archery, cricket, football, javelin tossing, fencing, stilt walking, swimming, and wrestling, reflecting a wide range of athletic practices.

Salem Witch Trials�(1692 CE)

• 1692-1693: Salem witch trials in Massachusetts led to over 200 accusations and 20 executions amid widespread paranoia.
• 1300s-1600s: Europe saw a "witchcraft craze," executing tens of thousands, mostly women, amid broader witch-hunting trends.
• 1689: King William's War, initiated by William and Mary against France, destroyed the American colonies and heightened local tensions.
• 1689: Reverend Samuel Parris became Salem Village's minister, but he faced opposition due to his rigid behavior and perceived greed.

Salem Witch Trials�(1692 CE)

• January 1692: Reverend Parris' daughter Elizabeth and niece Abigail showed mysterious "fits," fueling supernatural witchcraft accusations.
• February 1692: The afflicted girls accused Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborne, sparking widespread accusations and paranoia.
• March 1692: Tituba's detailed confession with fantastical elements intensified hysteria and led to more scrutiny.
• April 1692: The trials intensified with Deputy Governor Thomas Danforth's involvement and numerous interrogations.

Salem Witch Trials�(1692 CE)

• May 27, 1692: Governor Phipps set up a Special Court for witchcraft cases; Bridget Bishop was the first to be convicted and executed.
• June-August 1692: Despite Cotton Mather's objections to spectral evidence, the court continued convictions based on dubious testimony.
• October 29, 1692: Governor Phipps dissolved the court, abolished spectral evidence, and established a more cautious Superior Court.
• May 1693: Governor Phipps pardoned those imprisoned for witchcraft, but the trials had led to many executions and wrongful accusations.
• 1697-1711: The colony admitted errors, declared the trials unlawful, restored rights, and provided restitution. Massachusetts issued a formal apology in 1957.

Prostitution�(1699 CE)

• Early colonial men mostly came alone, increasing demand for sex services from women who arrived later.
• European prostitutes and fortune-seekers came to the colonies, serving the male-dominated population and benefiting from greater freedoms.
• As colonies stabilized, families arrived, and churches were established to meet community needs.
• The sex trade grew with the arrival of families driven by merchants, sailors, and female indentured servants who turned to sex work instead of marriage.

Prostitution�(1699 CE)

• In 1672, Boston clergy outlawed brothels, pushing many sex workers to solicit clients publicly.
• By 1699, cities enacted laws against "night walking" to curb public prostitution.
• Prostitution persisted into the 18th century despite legal restrictions, with law enforcement becoming more lenient.
• Tavern owners occasionally faced minor penalties for operating "disorderly houses," but enforcement was infrequent.

Prostitution�(1699 CE)

• American city growth and maritime trade spurred the rise of brothels to meet sailors' demands.
• In 1753, Boston's Hannah Dilley was publicly shamed for allowing men to visit her house for sex work and sentenced to stand on a stool outside court with a sign of her crime.
• Philadelphia's "Hell Town" set a precedent for red-light districts in America, showcasing widespread prostitution in colonial cities.
• Benjamin Franklin's open acknowledgment of using prostitutes highlighted the normalization of such practices among notable figures.

Virginia Slave Codes �(1705 CE)

• Before 1705, African American indentured servants in Virginia worked under contracts for eventual freedom: five years for those over 19 and until age 24 for those under 19.
• The 1705 Virginia Slave Act ended this temporary indenture, condemning many black individuals to lifelong slavery, even if they were near completing their indenture.
• The Act redefined indentured servants' status, enslaving them for life and institutionalizing slavery.
• It legalized the mistreatment of enslaved people, allowing white Christians to inflict physical punishment, torture, or death without consequence.

Virginia Slave Codes �(1705 CE)

• The Act created a racial hierarchy, elevating whiteness and Christianity while justifying the enslavement and abuse of non-whites and non-Christians.
• Enslaved Christians could not escape their status or seek legal recourse against violence.
• Part IV mandated lifelong slavery for all indentured servants and declared servants from non-Christian lands as enslaved.
• Part XI banned non-whites from owning white Christian servants and allowed only non-Christians, including Jews and Muslims, to own non-white enslaved people.

Virginia Slave Codes �(1705 CE)

• The Act incentivized capturing runaway slaves with increasing tobacco rewards based on distance traveled.
• Slave dealers profited from re-enslaving runaways and freed individuals due to these rewards.
• Part XXVI required enslaved individuals across the Chesapeake to be returned to southern authorities for a reward of 500 pounds of tobacco.
• Part XXXII fined anyone harboring runaway slaves without the owner's permission, reinforcing control over enslaved people's movements.
• The law allowed white enslavers to harm enslaved people without repercussions, while non-whites faced harsh penalties for violence against Christians, with no protection for non-white Christians.

New York Slave Revolt�(1712 CE)

• In 1712, New York City, with 6,000-8,000 people, had about 1,000 enslaved individuals interacting more due to the urban setting.
• The New York slave rebellion, led by African-born enslaved people, used traditional beliefs to incite a revolt against their Christian oppressors.
• On April 6, 1712, enslaved people set fire to an outhouse in northern Manhattan as a signal to start the rebellion.
• The fire drew 23 armed enslaved people who attacked white residents with guns, axes, and knives, causing panic.

New York Slave Revolt�(1712 CE)

• Whites fled to a fort in lower Manhattan, alerting Governor Robert Hunter, who sent the militia to quell the uprising.
• Rebels retreated to a wooded swamp, avoiding capture briefly while soldiers and locals searched the city.
• Many rebels were caught near Canal Street after an extensive search.
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New York Slave Revolt�(1712 CE)

• The riot led to nine white deaths and six injuries; some enslaved people committed suicide rather than face trial.
• Of about 40 tried enslaved people, 18 were acquitted or pardoned; the rest faced brutal executions, including burning, crushing, starvation, hanging, and execution of a pregnant woman post-delivery.
• New York responded with stricter slave codes, harsher punishments, reduced slave interaction, and a ban on slave-owned firearms.
• The rebellion revealed the instability of urban slavery and led to increased repression and control.

Stono Rebellion�(1739 CE)

• South Carolina's economy and society were deeply reliant on slavery.
• Enslaved people frequently resisted through escapes, slowdowns, and uprisings despite legislative attempts to regulate relations.
• A non-slave colony, Georgia worked with South Carolina to strengthen patrols against fugitive escapes to Spanish Florida.
• Spain's Florida colony offered freedom to enslaved people fleeing British territories, promoted by proclamations and agents.

Stono Rebellion�(1739 CE)

• As England and Spain clashed over territory, enslaved people saw Spanish Florida as a refuge, especially the free black community at Fort Mosé (est. 1738).
• A recent malaria outbreak in Charleston weakened slaveholders, creating a chance for revolt.
• Jemmy, a literate enslaved person, planned the Stono Rebellion for a Sunday when planters were unarmed and at church.
• The rebellion did not fully enforce the Security Act of 1739, requiring white males to carry arms on Sundays.
• On September 9, 1739, Jemmy and 22 enslaved Africans began their revolt near the Stono River, seizing weapons and chanting "Liberty!" while heading toward Spanish Florida.

Stono Rebellion�(1739 CE)

• The group grew to 81, burning six plantations and killing 23-28 whites.
• Lieutenant Governor William Bull and allies alerted slaveholders, leading to a militia clash at the Edisto River on September 10, 1739, with 23 whites and 47 enslaved people killed.
• After their defeat, rebels' heads were displayed as a warning and captured enslaved people were executed or sold to the West Indies.
• Subsequent uprisings in Georgia and South Carolina led to restrictions on new enslaved imports and the comprehensive Negro Act of 1740.
• The Negro Act of 1740 restricted the movement, assembly, food production, earnings, and literacy of enslaved people and allowed the killing of rebellious ones. It remained in effect until the Civil War's end.

Samuel Johnson�(1743 CE)

• Samuel Johnson, a key figure in American philosophy, is known as "The Founder of American Philosophy" and was the first significant philosopher in colonial America.
• His work extended to education theory, knowledge classification, and creating encyclopedias, curricula, and library systems.
• Johnson's essay "An Introduction to the Study of Philosophy" was the first American work published in a British journal in May 1731.
• The essay was a manual for teaching ethics and moral philosophy, which needed to be added to Yale's curriculum.

Samuel Johnson�(1743 CE)

• Johnson expanded this essay into a textbook in 1743, introducing a new moral philosophy system.
• The textbook, three times longer than the essay, included a revised knowledge table reflecting his shift from Puritan to Enlightenment ideas.
• From 1715, Johnson's sermons replaced the Puritan focus with the Enlightenment ideal of pursuing happiness, central to his "New System of Morality."
• In 1743, Johnson received an honorary Doctor of Divinity from Oxford, becoming only the third American honored in this way.

Samuel Johnson�(1743 CE)

• He later revised his textbook into Ethics Elementa, or the First Principles of Moral Philosophy, which gained a strong reputation and widespread sales.
• Subsequent editions of Ethics Elementa were released in Philadelphia (1752) and London (1754), expanding its impact.
• Johnson's moral philosophy, grounded in idealism, posited that all human efforts aim for happiness, achieved through understanding and obeying God's will.
• His system of morals and philosophy concluded that pursuing happiness is the highest human aspiration, a theme evident in his later works.

The First Great Awakening�(1739 CE)

• The First Great Awakening (1730s-1740s) revitalized religious piety in the American colonies and transformed the spiritual landscape.
• We ushered in a new Age of Faith in Protestantism during this period, emphasizing heartfelt religious experience over Enlightenment rationalism.
• Led by the Tennent family, Presbyterians launched revivals in the Middle Colonies and established a seminary for training preachers.
• The enthusiasm spread to New England Puritans and Baptists, sparking widespread revivals by the 1740s.

The First Great Awakening�(1739 CE)

• Jonathan Edwards delivered fiery, impromptu sermons, notably "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," highlighting human depravity and hellfire.
• English preacher George Whitefield captivated audiences with dramatic, emotionally charged sermons and extensive travels across the colonies.
• Whitefield, initially ordained in the Church of England, allied with evangelical Anglicans and preached to large outdoor crowds about human dependence on God's mercy.

The First Great Awakening�(1739 CE)

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• Preachers like Whitefield used theatrical techniques to engage their audiences, including dramatic gestures and vivid threats of hellfire.
• The Awakening polarized colonials, creating divisions as some clergymen criticized the emotionalism and disorder of the revivals.
• The conflict led to a split between the "New Lights," who supported the Awakening, and the "Old Lights," who opposed it.
• Evangelical "Negro spirituals" emerged, reflecting the enthusiasm of both black and white worshippers, including enslaved and free African Americans.

Music Part 2

• The Great Awakening's hymns started in New England, spread south, and evolved from Reverend John Wesley's rigid forms.
• Southern hymns at large gatherings laid the groundwork for gospel and blues in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
• Composers like Wesley used more superficial hymn structures, which rural workers expanded into the First New England School.
• The First New England School, America's first unique musical style, blended various cultural influences.

Music Part 2

• It featured octave-doubled male and female voices, creating close-position harmonies absent in European music.
• Mid-Atlantic cities like Philadelphia and Baltimore preserved European classical music traditions.
• Professional musicians were often scorned, while gentlemen played for aristocrats without pay.
• Despite challenging geography, the Appalachian Mountains became a cultural hotspot due to limited settlement and innovation.

Music Part 2

• The region attracted poor European immigrants, mainly from the Piedmont area, including English, Anglo-Irish, and Border Scottish settlers.
• Appalachian music, rooted in English, Anglo-Irish, and Scottish ballads, influenced jug bands, country blues, hillbilly music, and eventually country music.
• After a journey through Arabian, African, and American cultures, the banjo became central to Appalachian music.
• English settlers introduced fiddle styles to Appalachia, which later incorporated European waltzes, polkas, square dances, and African American cakewalks in the 19th century.

Jonathan Edwards�(1641 CE)

• In the 1740s, during the Great Awakening in Massachusetts, Jonathan Edwards became a key minister and supporter of George Whitefield's revival movement.
• Edwards' famous sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," is known for vividly portraying God's hand holding sinners over the abyss of eternal damnation.
• The sermon warned believers to confess their sins and seek divine mercy to avoid eternal punishment.
• Edwards' lasting legacy is found in his writings addressing deep religious and philosophical questions.

Jonathan Edwards�(1641 CE)

• As a prolific writer, Edwards produced numerous sermons, journals, and theological works reflecting his engagement with complex religious issues.
• His inquiries centered on the nature of spiritual experience and the source of religious authority.
• Boston minister Charles Chauncy criticized the Great Awakening's emotionalism, advocating for reason over emotion in religious experience.

Jonathan Edwards�(1641 CE)

• In response, Edwards defended emotion's role in religion in his Treatise on Religious Affections, asserting that emotions are essential to human will.
• Edwards warned against relying solely on personal spiritual experiences as the ultimate source of religious authority, noting the potential for deception.
• By his death in 1758, Edwards had created a significant body of work on critical Christian theological issues, including sin, will, and virtue.
• He addressed these topics as abstract dogmatic issues and practical matters related to human life and moral conduct.

Early 18th Century Literature�(1854 CE)

• Cotton Mather defended Puritan values in Magnalia Christi Americana (1702) and his 1726 ministry introduction.
• Jonathan Edwards promoted predestination and human depravity in his 1754 work Freedom of Will.
• John Wise and Jonathan Mayhew led New England’s shift toward a more lenient religion, contrasting with Mather and Edwards’ strict Puritanism.
• Sarah Kemble Knight’s 1704 journal humorously chronicled her trip to New York, reflecting a lighter view of the area than that of early Puritan settlers.

Early 18th Century Literature�(1854 CE)

• William Byrd depicted Southern plantation life versus colonial hardships in The History of the Dividing Line (1728) and A Journey to the Land of Eden (1733).
• Benjamin Franklin started writing for The New England Courant in 1722. He used accessible language to advocate for the common man.
• Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanac (1732-1757) became known for its practical and witty aphorisms.
• Franklin’s writings helped articulate and advance American grievances against Britain.

Early 18th Century Literature�(1854 CE)

• Phillis Wheatley, an early African American poet, marked the start of black literature in America.
• Olaudah Equiano’s The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano added to early African American literature.
• Samson Occom’s sermon and hymnbook marked the rise of Native American literature.
• This period saw the emergence of diverse literary voices in America, reflecting broader social and cultural changes in the colonies.

18th Century Philosophy

• The 18th-century American philosophical landscape evolved in two distinct phases, marked by critical intellectual and cultural shifts.
• Reformed Puritan Calvinism, the Great Awakening, and Enlightenment natural philosophy shaped the early 18th century.
• By the late 18th century, American Enlightenment moral philosophy emerged as central to college education.
• These shifts played a crucial role during the 1750s-1770s, fostering a unique American intellectual culture.

18th Century Philosophy

• This culture contributed to an Americanized version of the European Enlightenment, influencing the Founding Fathers' political ideologies.
• European Enlightenment thinkers like Bacon, Descartes, Newton, and Locke significantly impacted Colonial American thought.
• American philosophers Samuel Johnson and Jonathan Edwards adapted and expanded European Enlightenment ideas within American theology and philosophy.
• In the 18th century, she emphasized science and empirical thought, reflecting Enlightenment ideals.

18th Century Philosophy

• Idealism, focusing on human perfectibility, became central in American thought, driven by ethics and moral philosophy.
• The Enlightenment influenced economic theory, promoting laissez-faire economics.
• Political philosophy was shaped by Enlightenment principles, influencing Colonial America's political landscape.
• The 18th-century philosophical evolution bridged European Enlightenment ideas with American values, laying the groundwork for U.S. intellectual and cultural foundations.

Piracy Part 2�(1713 CE)

• England heightened anti-piracy efforts in the early 18th century due to piracy threatening its economic interests.
• The 1698 Piracy Act expedited pirate capture and trials, allowing admirals to hold court anywhere.
• Vice-admiralty court commissioners gained broad powers, including issuing warrants and summoning witnesses.
• The Act's swift trials, without legal defense for pirates, led to about 600 executions, roughly 10% of Caribbean pirates.

Piracy Part 2�(1713 CE)

• Criminalizing piracy-related acts under the 1698 statute intensified Britain's anti-piracy measures.
• The end of the War of the Spanish Succession (1713-1714) left many sailors unemployed, fueling a rise in piracy as transatlantic trade grew.
• In 1715, pirates raided Spanish treasure divers in Florida and established Nassau as a pirate base in the Bahamas.
• The 18th-century triangular trade between Africa, the Caribbean, and Europe attracted pirates, prompting stricter anti-piracy measures.

Piracy Part 2�(1713 CE)

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• The Piracy Acts of 1717 and 1721, responding to rising crime, led to a marked decline in piracy post-1920.
• The British Royal Navy expanded from 2 vessels in 1670 to 214 by 1815, enhancing its ability to combat piracy.
• High-profile captures like Blackbeard (1718) and Bartholomew Roberts (1722) signaled the end of the Golden Age of Piracy.
• Pirate executions at London's Execution Dock were public events covered in newspapers, serving as deterrents.

WORK CITED