Mrs. Shafar
Mrs. Corsentino
Mr. Laatsch
Mrs. Lunny (Lead)
Mrs. Desrosiers
Mrs. Gennaro
APUSH Live Lessons
9/11
AKA Patriot’s Day�9/11 National Day of Service
warning: we will discuss some heavy topics and �look at some disturbing photos about 9/11
Students will be able to:��- discuss attack on the World Trade Center in 1993�- discuss the events of 9/11
- evaluate how life in the US changed from before to after the 9/11 attacks in 2001
Objectives:
What do you know about 9/11?
World Trade Center Data
the original World Trade Center (WTC) was a large complex of 7 buildings in
the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in NYC��built [1966-1975]; opened in [April 4, 1973]; �cost $400 million (equivalent to $3.56 billion in [2022])��Twin Towers: 1 WTC (North Tower) was 1,368 feet tall� 2 WTC (South Tower) was 1,362 feet tall��each was 110 stories�
tallest buildings in the world [1970-1973]��fire [Feb. 13, 1975]�bombing [Feb. 26, 1993] (next slide)�bank robbery [Jan. 14, 1998]
[Feb. 26, 1993] a truck bomb exploded in the parking garage under the World Trade Center in NYC; �6 died; 1,042 were injured��planned by a group of terrorists; received financing from a Pakistani Khaled Sheikh Mohammed (arrested in 20023; detained at Guantanamo Bay detention camp); trial was scheduled for [Jan. 11, 2021] but postponed due to COVID; his trial restarted [Sept. 7, 2021] but has been postponed further into [2023]; with a possible plea deal to take the death penalty off of the table
[March 1994]: 4 men convicted of carrying out the bombing: charges included conspiracy, explosive destruction�of property, and interstate transportation of explosives (240 years each reduced to 100 years in prison)
[Nov. 1997]: two more were convicted – the mastermind behind the bombings, and the man who drove the �truck carrying the bomb (6 convicted, 7th still at large Abdul Rahman Yasin)
Bombing of World Trade Center [1993]
[Sept. 10, 2001]��The night before….��on this day…[23 years ago]… ��246 people went to sleep in preparation of their morning flights�2,606 people went to sleep in preparation for work in the morning�343 firefighters went to sleep in preparation for their morning shift�60 police officers went to sleep in preparation for morning patrol�8 paramedics went to sleep in preparation for the morning shift�
�none of them saw past 10:00am [Sept. 11, 2001]
[Sept. 11, 2001] hijackers crashed 2 commercial jets into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in NYC;�2 more hijacked jets crashed into the Pentagon and a field in rural PA (United 93); al-Qaeda took responsibility �for the attacks
total dead and missing 2,996 (just under 3,000 pple):
- 2,753 in NYC
- 184 at the Pentagon
- 40 in PA
- 19 hijackers���of the 2,753 dead in NYC:� - 23 officers of NYPD� - 37 officers of the Port Authority of NY and NJ� - 373 members of the NYFD
9/11 Overview
Video: 9/11 Heroes:�Surviving the Biggest Attack on US soil
12 minutes
“9/11: A Firefighter’s �Commemorative Edition”
[2002]
rated PG; ask parent permission 1st
two French brothers set out to make a documentary about rookie firefighters in NYC; they ended up filming a first-hand account of the 9/11 attack on the Twin Towers in NYC
perspective of 9/11 from the firefighters’ view-point within Tower 1 as Tower 2 is hit and then collapses
*Mrs. Shafar’s personal recommendation�(used to show this in my brick and mortar�classes each year on 9/11)
“Man in the Red Bandana”
56 minute documentary about Welles Remy Crowther; he worked on the 104th floor of the South Tower and saved many people��tragically Welles died that day but saved so many
“Boatlift”
12 minute documentary about all of�the volunteers that showed up with boats�on 9/11 to help ½ million people escape the �collapse of the WTCs and get them out of �Lower Manhattan
Archived: 9/11 TV news
- within an hour and 42 minutes, both 110-story buildings collapsed
- debris and fires causing partial or complete collapse of all other buildings of the World Trade Center complex – including the 47-story 7 World Trade Center complex and significant damage to ten other surrounding structures
- caused serious damage to the economy of Lower Manhattan as well as the global markets, closing Wall Street until [Sept.17], and the civilian airspace in the US and Canada were closed until [Sept. 13]
- cleaning up of WTC lasted 8 months and concluded in [May 2002]; [Nov. 18, 2006] construction began of One World Trade Center; it officially opened [Nov. 3, 2014]��- the “Freedom Tower” is the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere and the 6th tallest in the world
Timeline
Flight Paths 9/11
At 8:32 a.m., FAA officials were notified Flight 11 had been hijacked and they, in turn, notified the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two F-15s from Otis Air National Guard Base in Mass. and they were airborne by 8:53 a.m. Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials, NORAD had nine minutes' notice, and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed�
After both of the Twin Towers had already been hit, more fighters were scrambled from Langley Air Force Base in VA at 9:30 a.m.��At 10:20 a.m., VP Dick Cheney issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked; these instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action; some fighters took to the air without live ammunition, knowing that to prevent the hijackers from striking their intended targets, the pilots might have to intercept and crash their fighters into the hijacked planes, possibly ejecting at the last moment��For the first time in U.S. history, the emergency preparedness plan called Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids (SCATANA) was invoked, thus stranding tens of thousands of passengers across the world. Ben Sliney, in his 1st day as the National Operations Manager of the FAA ordered that American airspace would be closed to all international flights, causing about 500 flights to be turned back or redirected to other countries; Canada received 226 of the diverted flights and launched Operation Yellow Ribbon to deal with the large numbers of grounded planes and stranded passengers
Media
Coverage
https://www.911memorial.org/
- American Airlines Flight 77 was crashed into the Pentagon – the headquarters of the US Department of Defense (DoD) in Arlington County, VA
- it partially collapsed the building’s western side
- killed all 64 people on board (including 5 hijackers and 6 crew) as well as 125 people in the building; took days to put out the fire
- damaged portions of the building were rebuilt by [2002]
Pentagon Memorial: �184 illuminated �benches to honor the �victims; each bench �is engraved with a �victim’s name
[Sept. 11, 2001] flight out of Newark, NJ heading for San Francisco, CA
4 hijackers went into the cockpit and overpowered the crew within 46 minutes of take-off; 1 of the hijackers was a trained pilot and took over controls
people on the plane made phone calls and found out about the WTC and the Pentagon; decided to fight back
hijackers were targeting the White House or the Capitol Building; instead it crashed in field near Shanksville, PA while the passengers/crew attempted to regain control
44 people were killed (including the 4 hijackers)
United 93
US invaded Afghanistan in [2001] as part of the Global War on Terror through Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) [2001-2014] and Operation Freedom’s Sentinel (OFS) [2015-2021]: it is the longest war in US history; to drive the Taliban from power in order to deny Al-Qaeda a safe base of operations in retaliation for 9/11; President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden to extradite him which they refused; International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) included troops from 43 countries with NATO members providing the majority of the force
[May 1, 2011] US Navy SEALs killed Osama bin Laden in Abbotabad, Pakistan�
by [2017], less than 9,000 US troops in Afghanistan; conditional peace agreement signed in [2020] btwn US and Taliban��US: 2,420 military deaths Taliban insurgents: 52,893 killed �US: 20,713 wounded vs.
War in Afghanistan
USA Patriot Act: [2001] AKA Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools �Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism��- it expanded abilities of law enforcement to surveil, including tapping domestic and international phones�- eased interagency communication to allow federal agencies to more effectively use all available resources in�counterterrorism efforts�- increase penalties for terrorism crimes and an expanded list of activities that would qualify someone to be �charged with terrorism��controversial as opponents say it violates too many rights to privacy and lets the gov’t act without enough�supervision
Patriot Act
[Jan. 29, 2002] Bush identifies “Axis of Evil” in his State of the Union message noting that North Korea, Iran,
and Iraq are rogue states that harbored, financed, and aided terrorists��“States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world.�By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose a grave and growing danger. They could provide�these arms to terrorists, giving them the means to match their hatred. They could attack our allies or attempt to
Blackmail the United States. In any of these cases, the price of indifference would be catastrophic….��We will work closely with our coalition to deny terrorists and their state sponsors the materials, technology, and�expertise to make and deliver weapons of mass destruction.”
Axis of Evil
Transportation Security Administration (TSA): created [Nov. 19, 2021] in response to the 9/11 attacks; it was part of the Dept of Transportation but became an agency of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in [2023]��it has authority over the security of transportation systems within and connecting to the US; to improve airport �security procedures and consolidate air travel security under a dedicated federal administrative law agency��its focus is on airport security and the prevention of aircraft hijacking; it is responsible to screen passengers and their baggage at more than 450 airports, employ screening officers in airports, armed Federal Air Marshals on planes, mobile teams of dog handlers, and explosives specialists��TSA agents use identification requirements,
pat-downs, full-body scanners, electronic device�restrictions, and explosives screening
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) it formed as a result of the Homeland Security Act of [2002] in �response to the 9/11 attacks; to protect the interior of the US: anti-terrorism, border security, immigration and �customs, cyber security, and disaster prevention and management��it has over 240,000 employees and it the 3rd largest Cabinet dept after the Dept of Defense (DoD) and Veterans�Affairs (VA); it works with the White House and the Dept of Health and Human Services, Justice, and Energy��[2018] Trump signed the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Act of [2018]
Dept of Homeland Security
Iraq War: [2003-2011] US led coalition forces invaded Iraq in [2003] as part of the War on Terror and to overthrow Saddam Hussein; US forces withdrew in [2011] but rejoined in [2014]��[2003] US led a “shock and awe” bombing campaign; Saddam Hussein was captured in [2003] and was executed in [2006]; the power vacuum that was left in Iraq led to a civil war between Shias and Sunnis; many of the violent insurgent groups were supported by Iran and Al-Qaeda in Iraq; this led to the US build-up of 170,000 troops in [2007]; President Bush said there were weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq, but none were ever found in Iraq��4,421 American soldiers died; 32,292 injured; 17 missing; many deaths/injuries caused by �IEDs (Improvised Explosive Devices)
Iraq War
DBQ Prompt:
Prompt: Evaluate the level of success in the US response to 9/11.
Life in the US BEFORE 9/11 | Life in the US AFTER 9/11 |
| What things have changed? What things have stayed the same? |
2001
What are some ways to honor the memories of those that died on 9/11?
US flags at half-mast for
Patriot’s Day
Objectives:
Students will be able to:��- discuss attack on the World Trade Center in 1993�- discuss the events of 9/11
- evaluate how life in the US changed from before to after the 9/11 attacks in 2001