National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School
Name:
Lesson 1 - Why do so many people live in favelas? [Rio]
Lesson 2 - Who is making changes to improve life in the favelas? [Rio]
Revision Task
Lesson 3 - How have cities in Scotland grown?
Revision Task
Lesson 4 - How are businesses and services in cities changing? [Glasgow]
Lesson 5 - How is housing in cities changing? [Glasgow]
Homework Task
Practice Questions
Guided Revision
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National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School
Why are more people moving to cities?
Cities across the world are growing in population and size. In many countries, people are choosing to move from rural areas to urban areas.
A push factor is a negative factor which will encourage people to migrate from a place. For example, in rural areas there could be unreliable food supplies, a lack of well paid jobs or fewer opportunities to access education or healthcare.
A pull factor is a positive factor which will encourage people to migrate to a place. For example, urban areas could offer higher wages or access to clean water supplies and sanitation.
Why do people move from rural to urban areas in Brazil?
Brazil is a country of contrasts - with extensive rural areas dominated by rainforest and grassland to bustling urban centres which attract foreign tourists and multinational companies.
Rio de Janeiro is located on the south east coast of Brazil and is the country’s second largest city. It is home to 6 million people. Many of these are employed in some of the cities industries such as tourism and manufacturing. Rio has 19 of the top 50 schools in Brazil. Rio contributes 5% to Brazil’s GDP. This makes internationally important. Rio provides the headquarters for many of Brazil’s top banks and law firms as well as multinational companies such as Shell and Esso. The port (harbour) is also nationally important, sales of oil, sugar and iron ore create an income of $7billion for the country.
Life expectancy is 4 years higher in Rio than in other parts of the country. Infant mortality is also lower here due to better access to healthcare. The illiteracy rate is only 4%, compared to 22% in the rest of Brazil. There are many types of formal and informal work, particularly in factories and tourism.
What is a favela?
A favela is an informal settlement which has grown without the input of a local authority (e.g. a council). In Rio, these informal settlements have grown as a result of:�
Date: Lesson 1 - Why do so many people live in Favelas?
Rural Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
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What is life like in a favela?
Housing: Because housing isn’t bought or sold in a traditional way, houses in favelas use any space that is available. Houses are built on steep hills, marshlands or areas used for landfill. As space has become tight they have been built higher. Houses are constructed of the same building materials as other parts of the city (bricks, metal etc) but are usually made by hand by each family. Houses can be overcrowded, with whole families sharing just two small rooms. Most houses have a balcony to use as outside space. Water, which is taken from the mains or bought in, is stored in tanks on the roof.
Electricity: Informal settlements such as favelas are not provided with electricity to each home, as would be done in the formal settlements in Rio. To combat this, residents have created a system of wires which distribute electricity around the favela. The illegal connection to electricity or water networks is known as as gatos, which means cats.
Schools: In Rio, you are given a �place at a school which is closest �to your address. However, �informal settlements aren’t �registered and so don’t have an �address. This means that fewer �children attend school.
Crime: Some favelas are home to �violent gangs, particularly gangs �associated with drug trafficking. �High levels of unemployment �add to this problem, as young �people who are out of work are �recruited by the gangs. Some �favelas have been pacified and �are now under police control.
Economy: The favelas provide affordable housing for 23% of Rio’s population. Some people work outside the favela in low-income jobs including cleaning, construction and factory work. Others work inside the favela, where informal jobs such as street sellers and providing services (for example, driving and hairdressing).
Landslides: The steep hills where favelas are found are at risk of landslides during periods of heavy rain. This risk is further increased in those favelas which are built on former landfill sites. These slopes are unstable and can collapse. A landslide in 2010 killed 200 people.
Do informal settlements exist in other parts of the world?
Informal settlements exist on every continent. In some places they are given a local name, whilst others may be referred to as shanty towns. What brings them all together is the organic way they have grown without planning and without the control of a local authority. The fastest growing shanty towns are in developing countries where rates of urbanisation are high and there is rapid population growth. Whilst in some places the housing is very basic, Rio’s favelas provide most residents with electricity, clean water and a home to live in for generations.
Lesson 1 - Why do so many people live in Favelas?
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National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School
Task 1
Explain how each of these things has helped favelas to grow in Rio:
Task 2
Give the reasons that people might use when they want to migrate and move from rural to urban Brazil.
Task 3
Watch the Dots on a Map video about life in Rio’s favelas. When you are finished, answer these questions:
Lesson 1 - Why do so many people live in Favelas?
Reasons to leave rural Brazil
Reasons to move to urban Brazil
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National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School
Task 4
Colour and annotate this drawing of a favela, highlighting and explaining the main features.
Lesson 1 - Why do so many people live in Favelas?
Water tank
Narrow alleys
Roof terrace
Electric wires
1-2 bedroom houses
Tall buildings
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National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School
Why are favelas changing?
Both people who live in the favela and those from the wider city authorities have recognised that aspects of life could be improved. These changes have focussed on increasing access to healthcare, improving sanitation, widening access to schooling, establishing rights in terms of housing and improving safety and security.
Who is making changes to improve life in the favelas?
Self-help schemes are small-scale projects which use the skills of local people to upgrade houses and neighbourhoods. Money is spent by the local authority on materials such as bricks, tiles, wood and cement. People can use these materials or apply for a grant to buy their own. They can improve their homes to add more space and reduce overcrowding. In Rocinha, the local authority provided access to electricity and now 75% of homes have electricity. The self-help scheme also built indoor toilets, reducing the risk of diseases (for example, cholera).
In some favelas, residents were given the opportunity �to buy the houses they live in. This means that they �legally own the house and can live there without the �threat of eviction. Evictions took place in the run-up to �the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Rio Olympics, with �Residents forced to move to new areas or be homeless.
Residents have also established community groups and �created organisations to help express their views. �RioOnWatch is a news website which aims to share the �views of residents. This means that more people will �understand what residents want and will listen to their �opinions. They also share information with residents, for �example about strategies to improve energy efficiency.
The Brazilian Government have funded a project which aims to build one million homes for people on middle or low incomes. The buildings are cheap to �construct and offer clean and hygienic �accommodation. Electricity is provided by �solar panels, which helps to make the cost of �living here lower. The government also �provides help to afford the housing for �people on low incomes.
In Rio, these new houses have been built on �the outskirts of the city where land is cheap. �Communities and families who lived �together in favelas are split up and moved to �new places. This means that people are far �from where they work and from the people �they know.
Date: Lesson 2 - Who is making changes to improve life in the favelas?
A Minha Casa, Minha Vida settlement on the outskirts of Rio
Protests by favela residents before the 2014 football World Cup.
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Charities raise money to fund projects based in the favelas which focus on �improving the quality of life. The Favela Foundation raises money in the �UK and gives it to local organisations who focus on improving education. �For example, they provide extra tuition and classes to improve the �numbers of people who can read and write (literacy) and provide trips to �other parts of Rio for children. They also train teachers who can work in �the favelas and improve the opportunities for young people.
In favelas which are controlled by gangs, local authorities and �organisations are not safe to make improvements. A special operations �unit has been set up within the police force to pacify (make peaceful) �these favelas. They use heavy weapons and armoured vehicles to drive �out the gangs which have control. Once the gangs have been driven out, �police take over and work to decrease crime in the favelas.
Stages of pacification:
Lesson 2 - Who is making changes to improve life in the favelas?
Stage 1
The special operations unit dismantle armed groups and drug traffickers, shifting control from drug gangs to the state police force.
Stage 2
Military police and the police force reduce levels of violence. A permanent police presence is established.
Stage 3
The police force help improvements to happen, establishing addresses in the favela and keeping the peace. They encourage people to work together as a community.
Stage 4
The community, police force and local authority work together to make decisions about the future of the favela.
A Favela foundation funded art project
Pacification
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National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School
Task 1
Watch the Freethink documentary on the Unexpected life of the favela. Once you have finished, answer these questions.
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Task 2
Visit the RioonWatch website and explore some of the recent stories and headlines from Rio’s favela residents.
Write down three of the top headlines here:
Lesson 2 - Who is making changes to improve life in the favelas?
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Task 3
How do these things make life difficult for people living in favelas?
Task 4
How are these problems being solved?�
Some children not being able to read or write - …………………………………………………………………………
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Crime rate ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Life expectancy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Lesson 2 - Who is making changes to improve life in the favelas?
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National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School
How have the Scottish cities developed?
When a settlement is first established in a place, there are a number of physical and human factors which have influenced it’s site.
How are cities structured?
As settlements grew from their first buildings to the large cities we see today, they have followed a common pattern:
This common pattern forms an urban model. Each area became a different urban zone. Each of the Scottish cities features these urban zones, although the site sometimes changed the way that these looked.
For example, in Glasgow the River Clyde has divided the city in two. The city centre developed to the north of the river and the shipbuilding industry grew along the banks of the river.
Date: Lesson 3 - How have cities in Scotland grown?
Inverness is at the mouth of a river and has high areas of ground for defence. It became a city in 2000.
Aberdeen was formed as a fishing and trading port. It has an ancient university and is now home to Scotland’s oil industry.
Edinburgh’s coastal location attracted it’s first settlers. It became the capital of Scotland and an important seat of government.
Glasgow’s growth came when it was declared a major trading port, utilising the River Clyde. It is now Scotland’s biggest city by population.
Perth is built on a mound which lifts the area off the floodplain. It is also a crossing point of the River Tay. It is Scotland’s newest city, being given the status in 2012.
Stirling was an important market and the lowest place the River Forth can be crossed by bridge. It’s hills were used for defence.
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National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School
What do the different urban zones of Glasgow look like?
Date: Lesson 3 - How have cities in Scotland grown?
Central Business District (CBD) This is the oldest part of the city. It is home to older buildings such as churches and public buildings including town halls. Most roads in the city meet at the CBD. The land is in high demand so there is little open space and it is expensive to build. Buildings are usually several stories tall. Tourist information centres are often located here, close to public transport facilities such as bus and train stations. There are shopping centres, offices and hotels.
Industry During the industrial revolution and the early 20th century, industries grew around the CBD. This included factories, warehouses and docks which required large areas of land. Since lots of industry has now moved abroad, some of these areas have become unused and neglected. In Glasgow, nearly all the shipbuilding yards have closed and industry has moved to open land on the outskirts of the city.
Inner city housing This refers to houses built close to the city centre for industrial workers. Houses were small and built close together, with straight streets running between them and little green space. In Glasgow, these were flats called tenements. Services such as schools, hospitals and leisure facilities weren’t common. Some of these areas have been regenerated with older housing removed and new houses built. In other areas, tenements have been upgraded and are now popular with young couples and students.
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National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School
What do the different urban zones of Glasgow look like?
Date: Lesson 3 - How have cities in Scotland grown?
Suburbs These are newer areas of residential housing on the outskirts of the city. Houses are usually larger and gardens are common. There are also leisure facilities, schools, parks and golf courses. The suburbs are a desirable place for people to choose to live because of cheaper land but good access to facilities and the countryside. Ring roads have been built in the suburbs to help keep the city centres free of traffic. Houses are arranged as quiet cul-de-sacs with dead end roads.
Rural-urban fringe This area on the outskirts of the city used to be open fields and farmland. As the city has grown, housing and businesses have been located here. Some areas of the rural-urban fringe are protected as greenbelt and no building can take place. In other places, the easy access to main roads, cheaper land prices and room for expansion have attracted retail parks and business parks.
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National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School
Task 1
Label the map on page 12 with the locations of Scottish cities.
Task 2
This OS map extract shows the CBD of Glasgow. Add arrows to show these 6 features of the CBD urban zone.
Task 3
This map shows an area of inner city in Glasgow. Give a grid reference which shows:
���
Streets that are in straight lines:
……………………………………………………� Industry (look for big buildings/warehouses):
……………………………………………………� Docks (look for square parts of the river � where ships could dock)
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Lesson 3 - How have cities in Scotland grown?
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Bus Station
Tourist Information Centre
Old buildings (e.g. churches)
Town Hall (and other public buildings)
Museum
Roads which meet in the CBD
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Task 4
Can these things be found in the inner city or suburbs?
Task 5
What is the greenbelt of a city?
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�Task 6
Use the maps in the classroom to give grid references of CBD, Inner City and Suburbs in different Scottish and English cities.�
City: ………………………… CBD: …………………… Inner City: …………………… Suburbs: ……………………�
City: ………………………… CBD: …………………… Inner City: …………………… Suburbs: ……………………�
City: ………………………… CBD: …………………… Inner City: …………………… Suburbs: ……………………
Lesson 3 - How have cities in Scotland grown?
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Homework Task
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National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School
Task 1
Look at the pictures of parts of a city.
Which picture shows the:
Now look at the map of Wolverhampton.�
Match the grid references to the pictures.��Choose from: �9004, 9198, 8796, 9101, 8699
A: ……………………………
B: ……………………………
C: ……………………………
D: ……………………………
Task 2
Wolverhampton is considered to be a popular city for young families. Name the activity represented by each of these map symbols and give an example grid reference of where it can be found on the map.
Symbol | Name | Grid Reference |
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Which businesses and services are located in different urban zones?
The CBD is an attractive area of the city to do business. There are many businesses in a small area, which provides a market for products and reduces the need for transportation. Many people visit the CBD, which makes it particularly popular with retail shops who can sell to customers including local residents, workers and tourists. The price of land in the CBD and the rents that are charged are causing some businesses in the CBD to close or relocate to further out. The CBD is also becoming difficult and expensive to access by car, as multi-storey car parks charge for parking and congestion means that journey times can be long.
The inner city’s industrial areas were originally situated here to be close to markets and workers. The buildings are large, which means that there is lots of space and there isn’t much need to pay for expensive expansions. Being close to the CBD also means that many transport routes go through the inner city, allowing people to commute to work. Where businesses have closed or moved out, derelict buildings are left with no occupier, which can result in them looking run-down or being damaged. Sites which no longer used and are empty are called brownfield sites. The inner city has very little green space, so workers aren’t inspired by the environment around them.
The outskirts of the city, on the rural-urban fringe, have become home to several types of businesses. Retail parks and supermarkets, who need lots of space for buildings and car parks, can afford large areas of land here as the cost of land is cheaper than the CBD. Access for shoppers is also provided by ring-roads, bypasses and motorways, reducing congestion. Parking is usually free, because there isn’t enough demand to fill spaces and it is an incentive for people to choose to shop here. It is also easy to deliver goods to the supermarket, as there is direct access from these major roads. Public transport to areas on the outskirts of cities tends to be poorer, with few train stations or bus routes. As more and more people choose to live in suburbs, they provide workers and customers for businesses on the outskirts of a city. Sometimes developments which take up large areas of land are built here (e.g. airports, golf courses) so that there is enough open space and no demolition of other buildings has to happen. The countryside location and being close to motorways and main roads also makes it easier for people to travel from different cities, for example if there are offices in other parts of the country. As the city moves out, development may happen on greenbelt land. This was an area which was set aside to stop urban expansion, but in some cities this is now being used for new buildings and projects. This reduces the countryside and can remove farmland.
Date: Lesson 4 - How are businesses and services in cities changing?
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National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School
How are businesses and services changing in Glasgow?
In Glasgow’s CBD, businesses and the council are working �hard to encourage people to visit the city centre:�
In the past, Glasgow had a lot of shipbuilding businesses close to the River Clyde. Now there is only one business left. This has left the inner city with brownfield sites which are abandoned or converted to be used for different purposes like housing, retail or leisure facilities.�
Lesson 4 - How are businesses and services in cities changing?
A side-by-side map showing the inner city in 1900 and 2019
OVO Hydro
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The suburbs used to be made up of mainly houses, but now businesses and services in the suburbs and rural/urban fringe are growing.
Robroyston is a part of Glasgow on the rural-urban fringe. It has:�
Lesson 4 - How are businesses and services in cities changing?
Park and Ride
New business park - this includes a children’s nursery, restaurant and spaces for new offices to be built in the future
Motorway
New houses
Retail park
Cul-de-sacs
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Task 1
Using the information on page 17, answer the following questions.
Advantage 1: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………�…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Advantage 2: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………�…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Disadvantage 1: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………�…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Disadvantage 2: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………�…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Lesson 4 - How are businesses and services in cities changing?
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Task 2
Why would pedestrianising parts of a city be a good idea for businesses? …………………………………………�……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Why would it not be a good idea? …………………………………………………………………………………………�…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Name a part of Glasgow that has had two streets blocked off to be pedestrianised. ………………………………
Task 3
Task 4
Do you think it’s a good idea to �build new supermarkets on �brownfield sites or greenfield �sites? Give at least two reasons �for your answer.
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Lesson 4 - How are businesses and services in cities changing?
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Revision Question - Croydon OS Map
This describe question asks you about changes on an OS map.
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National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School
Revision Question - Sheffield OS Map
Now try one on your own:
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National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School
How is housing in the CBD changing?
As businesses have closed or moved to the �outskirts of cities, large buildings which were �formerly used as offices are left with no �occupier. The impressive Post Office building �was built in George Square in 1878 to serve the �growing needs of a busy port city. Over many �years it was used less and there were fewer �people working in the offices. It closed in 1995. After lying empty, it was bought by developers and turned into flats. These are desirable because they are in a beautiful, historic building and are located in the very centre of the city. This also means they are expensive to buy and are mainly bought by professionals who �work in the city.
How is housing in the inner city changing?
Glasgow has seen the growth of universities and colleges. Strathclyde University, Glasgow University, Glasgow Caledonian University and the City of Glasgow college are all based in the centre or inner city. Student accommodation has been built on brownfield sites to cater to the increasing number of students from Scotland and further afield. Foundry Courtyard was built on the site of a former iron-works in the inner city. Students who stay here also spend money in the local area, for example in shops or by using leisure facilities. This also increases the cost of housing for other people in the area, as derelict brownfield sites are transformed by new buildings.
Date: Lesson 5 - How is housing in cities changing?
The CBD does not have a lot of housing. This is because land here is expensive and it is a crowded area. There are flats, which are mainly built above shops.
Housing in Glasgow’s inner city is mainly tenement flats. These were built for workers between 1840-1920. They are crowded together with little outside space.
In the suburbs, on the rural-urban fringe, newer areas of housing offer bigger houses and include gardens. They are built along dead end roads called cul-de-sacs.
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As they aged, many tenement buildings developed problems. They were small spaces with little outdoor space and many developed damp.
In some places, such as Partick, the flats were improved. Instead of three flats on each floor, there were now two. Some families had to move to new houses on the outskirts of the city, but others were able to stay. The flats are now popular with students and young professionals, who enjoy the historic features and how close they are to the city’s offices and universities. This provides housing in the city, with good transport links and an affordable price tag.
In other areas, such as the Gorbals, all the �tenement flats were knocked down. High-rise flats were built which could house local people, but they developed their own problems with damp. As industry had closed, people no longer had access to jobs and unemployment increased. Now some of the high-rise flats are being demolished and replaced by houses or low-rise flats, which give people more space and access to gardens. The council is also making an effort to increase the opportunities for people to work by encouraging development of businesses (e.g. the OVO Hydro) in
inner city areas. Housing associations provide homes for rent or to buy at a more affordable price, ensuring that local people can stay in areas with improved housing.
How is housing in the suburbs changing?
The rural-urban fringe has seen the most new
development of housing in Glasgow. All around the �city, new housing developments made up of �spacious, detached houses are being built. �Families and retired people are moving out of the �city in search of a quieter life with easy access to �the countryside. Robroyston has several �different companies building new houses on the �north-east of Glasgow. They are close to the park-�and-ride, retail park and offices on a greenfield �site. This increases the demand for places at the �local primary school, which has to cater for more children.
What attracts people to live in different parts of the city?
When you consider where to live, there are a number of factors to take into account. These include:
Lesson 5 - How is housing in cities changing?
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Task 1
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Task 2
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Task 3
Why did Glasgow:
Lesson 5 - How is housing in cities changing?
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Task 6
Collect an OS map of Glasgow.
The Macgregor family have two children �and are buying a house in Glasgow. They �have narrowed down their search to two �areas of the city — Broomhill (5467) or �Summerston (5670).
Which area should they choose? You �should use grid references in your �answer - for example, if you suggest it’s �a good place because there’s a school �close by, you should give the grid �reference of the school.�
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Lesson 5 - How is housing in cities changing?
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Guided Revision
National 4 & 5 Geography @ Gairloch High School