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Replacing the Whole Barrel: �An Overview of Sustainable and Renewable�Biofuels and the Emerging Bioeconomy��For Parul University Presentation�January 9, 2024��Joanne Ivancic, Executive Director for Advanced Biofuels USA�

Advanced Biofuels USA

www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org

+1 301-644-1395

WhatsApp 301-524-6841

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Advanced Biofuels: A Truly Sustainable Renewable Future

Advocates for the adoption of advanced biofuels as an

energy security,
military flexibility,
economic development
climate change mitigation
pollution control

solution.

Advanced Biofuels USA

501(c)3 Nonprofit Educational Organization

Founded April 2008

Frederick, MD

Website:

www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org

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Advanced Biofuels USA Home Page www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org

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Before we start:��What do you think of when you hear �“bioenergy”?

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Does it include energy for transportation?

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What do you think of when you hear �“biofuel”?

Corn-based Ethanol?
Biodiesel from used cooking oil, canola/rapeseed?
Ethanol from sugar cane, cassava, sugar beets?
Renewable jet fuel?

Your answer might depend on where you live.

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels?

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What are they?

What are they used for?

How are they made?

Why are they important?

Jobs/Careers throughout

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels?

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What are they?

What are they used for?

How are they made?

Why are they important?

Jobs/Careers throughout

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels?

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What are they?

What are they used for?

How are they made?

Why are they important?

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�Some Considerations:�� -Low-cost feedstock� -Low nutrient inputs� -Don’t harm environment� -Conversion processes are energy and water efficient� -Equal or better performance than fossil fuels�

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels?

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Ethanol is a biofuel, �not the only biofuel. ��Biodiesel�Renewable Diesel�Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)�Bio-isobutanol�Renewable Natural Gas�rDME, Bio-CNG, Bio-LNG, Bio-PNG�Drop-in hydrocarbons�Marine/Maritime Fuel and more

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels?

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Corn-based ethanol, sugarcane ethanol�(nearly 200 proof moonshine or 100% ethanol) ��One of the few currently commercially available biofuels you can buy for vehicles today. Blends of 10%, 15%, 30%, 85% ��Replaces MTBE, provides octane.

And the ethanol molecule is part of many other things too.

Wine
Beer
Whiskey/Whisky

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“First Generation” Biofuel

Many people don’t realize that the ethanol that we talk about with regard to fuel is the same molecule as the ethanol or alcohol in wine, beer, whiskey—and that corn ethanol has long been nick-named moonshine.

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Important note: as soon as the ethanol is distilled and ready for transport from a biorefinery, in the US some gasoline is added to “poison” it so that it will not be drinkable, and will not be diverted to beverage purposes.

Photos are an old crusher and presser the distillery at Mount Vernon, VA, a re-creation of the distillery operated by George Washington on his plantation.

If you want to add a history lesson, or integrate this with lessons in the history department, you can talk about how corn was converted to liquid (moonshine) to both increase its value and make it easier to move large volumes across the Appalachian mountains in the early days of the United States. The Whiskey Rebellion is also a relevant topic.

You can point out the parallels in the problems that people have today moving large volumes of raw biomass to biorefineries.

Ethanol for use as a transportation fuel must be highly distilled

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels??

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What are they?

What are they used for?

How are they made?

Why are they important?

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The Citröen Rosalie

Ford Model T

What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Yesterday: Early Automobiles

Early vehicles ran on biofuels. Fords ran on ethanol, later could use a mixture with gasoline; early diesels ran on peanut oil.

cleanfuelforthought.wordpress.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Rosalie

http://www.fuel-testers.com/ethanol_fuel_history.html http://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/up-with-octane-and-down-with-aromatics-continuing-health-risks-with-petroleum-fuels-and-the-need-for-engine-efficiency/ good history

The Ford Model T was designed to run on corn ethanol.

In 1933, Citroën introduced the Rosalie, the first commercially available passenger car with a diesel engine, developed with Harry Ricardo. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn

Inspired by Sadi Carnot's writings to create a more efficient engine, he began working on his project in 1885, and eventually secured financial support from Maschinenfabrik Augsburg (forerunner of Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg and the present-day MAN Diesel) and Friedrich Krupp AG (now ThyssenKrupp). He received a patent for his heat-driven oil engine, now called the diesel engine, in 1892, and powered up the first working diesel engine — fueled by peanut oil — on 10 August 1893. After working out some problems with the design, he introduced a 25-horsepower, four-stroke, single cylinder compression engine in 1897, which gained widespread use after being displayed in the Munich Exhibition of 1898.

The diesel engine is an internal-combustion, compression-ignition mechanism which works by heating fuels (either petroleum-based or bio-derived) and causing the fuel to ignite. Driven solely by high compression in its cylinders, the diesel engine is generally more energy-efficient, quieter, and needs less maintenance and repairs than other internal combustion engines. As Diesel himself wrote, "It is the diesel's higher compression ratio that leads to its greater fuel efficiency. Because the air is compressed, the combustion temperature is higher, and the gases will expand more after combustion, applying more pressure to the piston and crankshaft".

http://www.nndb.com/people/906/000082660/

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Fueling Cars, Trucks, Trains, Equipment

Replace MTBE
Octane
Ultra Low Sulfur

Fueling Aircraft

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Today, biofuels are used in your cars and trucks with benefits over fossil fuels such as replacing MTBE to prevent premature combustion, to enhance octane, to avoid sulfur, particulates, etc.

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You can buy biofuels at the “gas” station. Around the Washington DC area, almost all the regular gasoline is E10—or 10% ethanol, a biofuel; so 10% biofuel. More stations are selling E15, sometimes branded “Unleaded 88” to emphasize the octane that is greater than regular gasoline or E10. Some also sell E85.

You can also buy biodiesel blends. Usually 2-5% is biodiesel; but some people use 100% biodiesel, sometimes in farm equipment or in specially adapted cars and trucks.

So, you do use biofuels today—just not so much advanced biofuels.

When laws were passed to require dangerous lead to be taken out of fuels, it was replaced by MTBE (https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/?s=mtbe ) Methyl tert-Butyl Ether to prevent knocking from premature combustion. This also proved to be toxic and was replaced by ethanol.

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If you have a flex fuel vehicle (FFV), you can use gasoline with blends up to 85% ethanol.

Look for the logo, check your owner’s manual or look at the info on the driver’s side door.

What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?� Today Flex Fuel Vehicles

If you have a diesel engine, you might see a decal that indicates it was built to use up to 20% biodiesel, B20

Or, you can retrofit older cars to use E85

If you have a flex fuel vehicle, you can use gasoline with up to 85% renewable fuel--ethanol.

In the US, you can use E15 or 15% ethanol fuel in vehicles (except for motorcycles) built since 2001.

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At this time motorcycles may only use up to 10% ethanol fuel, E10, the most common fuel at gas stations in the US. Thailand plans to make E20 a standard fuel.

Much diesel fuel in the US is 5% renewable biodiesel. Some diesel engine manufacturers build for 20% biodiesel use (B20). Some countries are looking at 30 and 40%.

Background/References:

To find out if you have a flex fuel vehicle or FFV, look for a logo on the car, check the owner’s manual or look at the information on the drivers’ door.

Biofuels for Transport

Luiz Augusto Horta Nogueira, ... Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz, in Future Energy (Third Edition), 2020

9.4.1.2 Flexibility and diversity in bioenergy marketing

In Brazil, ethanol is available in gas stations in two different fuels types: the hydrous ethanol and the anhydrous ethanol. The hydrous ethanol (94% ethanol, 6% water) is used directly in E100 vehicles and also in flex fuel vehicles. The anhydrous ethanol is blended with gasoline to make the E(20–27) fuel domestically known as C gasoline, with the blending content defined by the government depending on the ethanol availability and market conditions. Therefore, when excess ethanol is produced, the government acts by increasing the level of blending. On the other hand, when less ethanol is available, either due to a better sugar price or an unfavorable climatic condition, the government can reduce the blending level. Because nearly half of ethanol produced is hydrous, a seasonal balance can be easily achieved. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/hydrous-ethanol

Future Energy (Third Edition)

Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for our Planet

2020, Pages 173-197

Future Energy

Chapter 9 - Biofuels for Transport

Luiz Augusto Horta, Nogueira, Gláucia MendesSouza, Luís Augusto Barbosa Cortez, Carlos Henrique deBrito Cruz

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

Not much sustainable aviation fuel (saf) is available, but efforts being made to expand production with a federal challenge announced by the White House in 2022. Everything that is produced has a ready market.

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https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/category/aviation/

Sustainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge Roadmap: Flight Plan for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Report

(U.S. Department of Energy) The Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Grand Challenge is the result of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and other federal government agencies working together to develop a comprehensive strategy for scaling up new technologies to produce SAF

September 23, 2022 Read Full Article

Also EU: https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/considerations-for-the-refueleu-aviatin-trilogue/ ReFuelEU

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

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Fueling Trains with Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel

From Diesel Technology Forum: LA’s Metrolink and Bay Area’s Capitol Corridor Commuter Rail Service Both Invest in New Advanced Diesel Engines Powered with 100% Renewable Diesel

18 new trains for regional passenger rail services in Groningen and Friesland, the Netherlands will be powered by biodiesel.

Renewable diesel, also known as HVO or green diesel can completely replace petroleum diesel in trains, too. LA’s Metrolink and Bay Area’s Capitol Corridor Commuter Rail Service and the Amtrak Pacific Surfliner all use renewable Diesel.

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Background/References:

LA’s Metrolink and Bay Area’s Capitol Corridor Commuter Rail Service Both Invest in New Advanced Diesel Engines Powered with 100% Renewable Diesel

https://www.dieselforum.org/news/all-aboard-from-norcal-to-socal-new-generation-of-diesel-to-deliver-clean-air-climate-benefits-to-california-rail-commuters-and-residents

Diesel Technology Forum

18 New Biodiesel Fuelled Trains Coming to the Netherlands

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/18-new-biodiesel-fuelled-trains-coming-to-the-netherlands/

https://news.arriva.co.uk/news/arriva-wins-northern-rail-concession-in-the-netherlands-worth-1-6-billion-euros

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/category/railroad-locomotive-fuel/

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Fueling Buses with Renewable Natural Gas (RNG)

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https://euinmyregion.blogactiv.eu/2016/07/04/biogas-buses-are-the-green-solution-for-cities/

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Buses with Biodiesel, Renewable Diesel and Hydrogen

What Are Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Buses can also use biodiesel, renewable diesel, also known as HVO or green diesel, or hydrogen. Some examples.

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“This school bus fleet is a true pioneer, having used biodiesel blends up to B20 continuously since 2005,” said Bailey Arnold, lead for the B20 Club of Illinois and director of clean air initiatives for ALA. “There’s no doubt that Cook-Illinois is a national leader in fighting climate change and protecting the health of students and communities through the use of alternative fuels and technologies like biodiesel.” Photo of John Benish Jr. president and chief operating officer of Cook-Illinois Corporation, the sixth largest school bus contractor in the U.S. He began powering his fleet of more than 2,200 school buses with biodiesel blends in 2005. -- United Soybean Board

Fuel Cell Electric buses in the USA (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) https://www.nrel.gov/state-local-tribal/blog/posts/fuel-cell-electric-buses-in-the-usa.html

TriMet’s switch to renewable diesel successful

https://www.masstransitmag.com/bus/vehicles/gas-diesel-cng-lng/press-release/21289142/trimet-trimets-switch-to-renewable-diesel-successful-agency-hopes-to-reach-netzero-emissions-by-2050

TriMet’s nearly 700 fixed-route buses have run on R99, a blend of 99 percent renewable diesel and one percent petroleum since December 2021. The agency’s LIFT paratransit vans and buses, along with their WES commuter rail trains made the switch to R99 in May of 2022. The agency says they have used more than five million gallons of R99 in the past year as a part of their goal to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. Photo from Mass Transit Magazine

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What Are Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Fueling Trucks with Renewable Natural Gas, Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel

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Trucks on the roads today can also use renewable natural gas (RNG), as well as biodiesel blends and renewable diesel, also known as HVO or green diesel. It can completely replace petroleum diesel.

Background/References:

Anheuser-Busch, a wholly owned subsidiary of global brewer AB InBev, will convert 30% of its dedicated fleet to RNG. The vehicles, comprising of two fleets, will travel more than 8.5 million miles each year.

Anheuser-Busch has placed an order from Agility Fuel Solutions to equip new class-8 trucks with Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Fuel systems that can run on RNG.

https://www.edie.net/news/6/Anheuser-Busch-to-run-180-trucks-on-renewable-natural-gas/

https://www.wastetodaymagazine.com/article/waste-management-trucks-seattle/

Waste Management to launch new green fleet of garbage trucks in Seattle

The fleet of 101 vehicles will be powered by either renewable natural gas or by electricity.

May 30, 2019 by Adam Redling

https://www.fuelsfix.com/2019/07/biodiesel-vehicle-wrap-program/ Biodiesel vehicle wrap program 2019

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neste.us%2Fneste-my%2Ffind-fuel&psig=AOvVaw3SKmnfnUpa_7su70j3UcqS&ust=1604185856888000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCOjnkJq43ewCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/2516343/biodiesel-ranks-first-among-fleets-for-alternative-fuel-use

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Heating oil

Green Energy Consumers https://blog.greenenergyconsumers.org/blog/start-biodiesel

Biofuels can also be used for heating. Bioheat® fuel is a blend of cleaner-burning ultra-low-sulfur heating oil and biodiesel.

Background/References:

Over 5 million U.S. households use heating oil as a main source of heat The biodiesel industry has attempted to grow the Bioheat fuel market, a blend of biodiesel and ultra low sulfur heating oil, since 2006.

“It hasn’t been easy,” Paul Nazzaro, supply chain adviser to the National Biodiesel Board, said. “We’ve been through years of studies and testing, years of developing and getting an ASTM standard approved, and faced opposition from some of the equipment manufacturers,” he said.

However, Nazzaro feels the product has potential to make headway with the home heating oil industry, especially in the Northeastern part of the country.

September 2019 the New England Fuel Institute (NEFI) adopted a resolution stating the home heating industry would reduce greenhouse gas emissions based on 1990 levels by 15% by 2023, 40% by 2030, and to net zero emissions by 2050. https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/13125-biodiesel-optimistic-for-bioheat-after-carbon-reduction-pledge

Green Energy Consumers https://blog.greenenergyconsumers.org/blog/start-biodiesel

Biodiesel is a solvent, which is what makes it burn cleaner than regular heating oil, however in high concentrations it has been known to degrade the rubber seal on fuel pumps for oil burners or furnaces. Of course, a service technician can simply come and replace the seal.

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What Are Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Ethanol Cook Stoves

Project Gaia:

Nigeria

Ethiopia

Haiti

Brazil

Tanzania

KOKO’s “ATM” Dispensers

Kenya

In some parts of the world gathering wood or dung for cooking fires can be dangerous and can cause deforestation. Also, indoor smoke from wood, charcoal and dung fires is very unhealthy. The United Nations and other international organizations support replacing those with cleaner burning stoves such as ethanol stoves.

Background/References:

For more information: Project Gaia: https://projectgaia.com/

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/atm-style-machines-used-to-dispense-bioethanol-in-kenya/

The problem: https://projectgaia.com/our-approach/the-problem/

from indoor air pollution from the dependence on biomass such as charcoal and firewood to the potential dangers faced in gathering solid fuel. Women are the most vulnerable because they disproportionately bear the burden of providing cooking fuel. Fuelwood collection journeys are often arduous, spanning many kilometers and taking hours and leave women vulnerable to injury and assault. Also, deforestation which can be seen over the years particularly around refugee camps.

The smoke from wood, charcoal, dung stoves causes illnesses such as heart disease, lung disease, cataracts and 4 million deaths each year.

The solution: https://projectgaia.com/our-approach/the-solution/

Clean alcohol fuel stoves (ethanol or methanol) No smoke or soot. No long, dangerous journeys to gather fuel. Possibility of microdistilleries using local agricultural and food/market waste.

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Military Aviation Fuels

Military Marine Fuels

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The Indian Air Force has certified SAF for military use. https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/?s=Indian+Air+Force

Way back on March 25, 2010, the US Air Force successfully conducted the first flight test of an aircraft powered by a 50-50 camelina-based biofuel blend.

In 2012 The Navy demonstrated a carrier strike group powered solely by alternative fuels

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The Navy also was actively engaged in testing and certifying advanced biofuels for planes and ships—flying the “Green Hornet” on a camelina-based jet fuel and floating

Riverine Command Boat-Experimental (RCB-X) on a biofuel derived from algae.16 The Navy demonstrated a carrier strike group powered solely by alternative fuels in 2012. Dubbed the Great Green Fleet, the ships and planes conducted an extended mission in 2016, and all energy provided to operational platforms was supposed to be 50 percent alternative by 2020. Didn’t happen.

IOC will use LanzaJet’s alcohol-to-jet technology to produce SAF in a 50:50 joint venture. MRPL is relying on CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum’s single-step process that converts used cooking oil or palm waste to produce SAF.

CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum has produced more than 14,000 litres of SAF on a pilot basis in Dehradun and the fuel has been approved for use in Indian Air Force aircraft with a 10 per cent blend since 2021. The process for securing the ASTM International certification is underway. Once approved, the fuel can be used by airlines.

“Almost 80 per cent of the work for certification is complete. We are expecting the approval in another five-six months,” Indian Institute of Petroleum said.

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/mrpl-firms-up-green-aviation-fuel-plans/article67654181.ece

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/mrpl-firms-up-green-aviation-fuel-plans

Photo from: https://planet.outlookindia.com/news/indian-air-force-is-flying-jets-on-green-fuel-but-can-we-scale-up--news-414695

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Maritime/Marine Fuels

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Development and use of renewable fuels for maritime purposes has been spurred by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and European Union regulations.

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https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/category/marine-biofuel/

Ammonia, biodiesel blends, renewable diesel, even on-ship waste-to-fuel

Sustainable Energy has developed its own integrated subcritical-water organic-waste power-generation system, or ISOP system, which decomposes organic substances using subcritical-water-treating technology and ultimately produces green energy products such as biofuels. Through this investment, NYK will begin joint studies on converting organic waste such as garbage and sludge generated on vessels into fuel by utilising the ISOP system. https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/nyk-invests-in-tech-to-convert-garbage-onboard-into-biofuels/

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Green Racing: Indy 500 used 100% renewable in 2023

Le Mans used 100% biofuels starting in 2023

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Formula 1

Plans for 100% sustainable, renewable by 2026

(Formulas 2,3,4 also use renewables)

International racing isa test bed for developing renewable fuels .

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Green Racing https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/category/green-racing/

https://totalenergies.com/media/news/press-releases/all-24-hours-le-mans-race-cars-use-100-percent-renewable-fuel-produced-by-totalenergies

All 24 Hours of Le Mans Race Cars to Use 100% Renewable Fuel Produced by TotalEnergies

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/2022-last-indy-500-with-e85-next-year-100-renewable-fuel/

2022: Last Indy 500 with E85 – Next Year 100% Renewable Fuel

Formula 1 on Course to Deliver 100% Sustainable Fuels for 2026 https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.formula-1-on-course-to-deliver-100-sustainable-fuels-for-2026.1szcnS0ehW3I0HJeelwPam.html#:~:text=As%20part%20of%20F1's%20plans,road%20cars%20across%20the%20world.

F2, F3 to Run with 55% Sustainable Fuels from 2023 Season

by Megan White (Motorsport.com) Formula 2 and Formula 3 are set to partner with Aramco to pioneer sustainable fuels from 2023. Both championships will run with 55% sustainable fuel next season, with the percentage increasing incrementally to 100% by the start of the 2027 season. The agreement forms part of Formula September 2, 2022 Read Full Article https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/f2-f3-to-run-with-55-sustainable-fuels-from-2023-season/

Repsol, Supplier of the First Single-Seater French Formula 4 Championship to Use 100% Advanced Biofuel

(Biofuels Central) Repsol, supplier of the first single-seater French Formula 4 championship to use 100% advanced biofuel. Repsol has begun supplying 100% advanced biofuel to the French Formula 4 championship for use in pre-season testing at the legendary Bugatti circuit in Le Mans and throughout the 2022 season. It will be the April 18, 2022 Read Full Article https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/repsol-supplier-of-the-first-single-seater-french-formula-4-championship-to-use-100-advanced-biofuel/

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What Are Renewable Fuels Used For? Today

To get an idea of the benefit we see TODAY from renewable fuels, look at California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard and Oregon’s Clean Fuel Program results. As you can see, biodiesel, renewable diesel, ethanol and biomethane are generating the greatest reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector. These benefits exceed those from the electrification of cars, trucks and buses by almost 4:1. This demonstrates how today’s use of biofuels can provide the greatest amount of carbon footprint reduction in the least amount of time for the lowest price because you can do it with existing vehicles and infrastructure.

Background/References:

LCFS graphic: https://www.biocycle.net/californias-lcfs-update/?utm_source=BioCycle+CONNECT&utm_campaign=17afb42645-CONNECT_231220&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8396f01c15-17afb42645-513848647

Making Progress on Climate and Clean Air in a New Administration

https://www.dieselforum.org/policyinsider/making-progress-on-climate-and-clean-air-in-a-new-administration

While commercial trucks and buses make up a much smaller share of the vehicles on the road, they are responsible for about 24 percent of GHG emissions from the transportation sector. Within the population of trucks and buses, larger Class 8 trucks are responsible for 60 percent of all emissions, and the largest opportunity.

…

While expectations are high for zero-emission trucks, an overlooked immediate term strategy to reduce carbon is using advanced biofuels - renewable diesel fuel and biodiesel - in all existing diesel engines. Capable of reducing GHG emissions by at least 50 percent and in the case of renewable diesel fuel over 80 percent, these advanced biofuels are growing in availability and have a proven track record.

Consider that the biggest GHG reductions from the transportation sector in California come from the use of renewable diesel and biodiesel fuel, eliminating more GHG emissions than the switch to electric cars, trucks and buses by almost 4-to-1.

Compared to the investments required for a switch to all-electric vehicles or other alternative fuels, the switch to biodiesel and renewable diesel is easy and comes at a low cost, with no need to invest in new trucks, engines or refueling or recharging stations. These fuels may be distributed in existing fuel infrastructure and may be used in existing diesel engines.

Fuels that Work: Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel and Biodiesel Power the U.S. Economy

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/fuels-that-work-ultra-low-sulfur-diesel-and-biodiesel-power-the-u-s-economy/

https://www.dieselforum.org/policyinsider/fuels-that-work-ultra-low-sulfur-diesel-and-biodiesel-power-the-u-s-economy

Advanced Biofuels Deliver Big Benefits at Low Cost

Both biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel are considered advanced biofuels by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency defined as reducing greenhouse gas reductions at least 50 percent. Renewable diesel fuel is capable of reducing greenhouse gas emissions upwards of 80 percent. The use of these fuels are generating large greenhouse gas reduction benefits with least cost compared to other alternatives.

In California, that requires the gradual reduction in the carbon content of transportation fuels sold in the state through the Low Carbon Fuel Standard, biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel are generating the greatest reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector. These benefits exceed those from the electrification of cars, trucks and buses by almost 4:1. A key advantage to the use of renewable biodiesel fuels is that compared to competing alternatives, they do not require the purchase of new vehicles, equipment or engines nor do they require expensive additional investments in refueling or recharging infrastructure. Their benefits can be felt immediately across entire fleets of vehicles, rather than only in newly acquired vehicles dependent on new infrastructure. Biodiesel fuels can be stored, used, pumped and handled virtually the same way as petroleum diesel products.

Many Reasons for U.S. to Count Carbon Savings from Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel

National Biodiesel Board

https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2021/01/12/many-reasons-for-u-s-to-count-carbon-savings-from-biodiesel-and-renewable-diesel/

Charts Courtesy: California Air Resources Board

Resource: CARB's LCFS Data Dashboard

https://dieselforum.org/news--resources/posts/cutting-carbon-in-california-thanks-internal-combustion-engines-and-renewable-fuels

https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2021/01/12/many-reasons-for-u-s-to-count-carbon-savings-from-biodiesel-and-renewable-diesel/

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What Will Sustainable Renewable Fuels Be Used For?� Tomorrow

Fuels for high performance vehicles, E85 retrofit

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Hydrogen or Ethanol for Fuel Cells

E30 Sweet Spot

How about in the future? In addition to continuing and expanding what works now, in the future we can also expect to use renewable hydrogen or ethanol for fuel cell powered cars and trucks. And we might drive internal combustion engines optimized for E30, E85 or E98--ethanol with the remainder green gasoline.

Background/References:

“Designer” fuels tailored to obtain the most efficient, most powerful performance from specific engines

Hydrogen Carriers for Fuel Cells

Tier 3 and E30 certification fuels

3.5-liter V6 EcoBoost® racing engine and EcoBoost for consumer vehicles.

“At Ford Racing, we really put great emphasis on racing production-based vehicles as well as production-based technologies,” says Jamie Allison, director, Ford Racing. “We’re proud to bring a direct-injected, twin-turbo 3.5-liter V6 EcoBoost engine to the United SportsCar Championship in a field of competitive V8-powered entries. We want to show Ford EcoBoost’s capabilities as an engine that provides both performance and fuel economy, on and off the track.” --2014

“This engine is the future,” says Doug Yates, CEO, Roush Yates Racing Engines. “This Ford EcoBoost engine includes all the newest technologies – direct injection, turbocharging and high efficiency. We’re looking at taking it to the next level through this sports car racing program.”

http://www.imsa.com/articles/ford-debut-new-ecoboost-race-engine-rolex-24

New Engine Technologies Could Produce Similar Mileage for All Ethanol Fuel Mixtures

Get photo from NEVO MOtors once they go online. https://nevomotors.com/

High-capacity electric vehicles (HCEV’s) from Nevo Motors are designed for heavy cargo and long range by using on-board range extender generators powered by renewable natural gas (RNG), with future electric truck models designed to use patented hydrogen and ethanol range extenders. https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/aemetis-enters-electric-vehicle-market/

Latest Fuel Cell Vehicle and Hydrogen Station Data Released:

California Fuel Cell Partnership, December 1, 2020 https://cafcp.org/by_the_numbers

According to the latest data from the California Fuel Cell Partnership, as of December 1, 2020, 8,890 fuel cell cars had been sold and/or leased in the U.S. In addition, 48 fuel cell buses have been placed in operation in California with another seven under development. The state has 42 hydrogen stations available and another 15 in various stages of development.

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What Will Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Tomorrow

Optimized Flex-Fuel Vehicles (FFV)

E85
E30

Drop-In Petroleum Fuel Replacements

The Rest of the Gallon
100% Sustainable Aviation Fuel

31

Ford Escape Hybrid E85

Toyota’s 100% ethanol plug in hybrid prototype introduced in India, August 2023

Today we have FFVs; tomorrow they will be optimized for low carbon high octane fuels.

And, we look to move away from blends with petroleum to 100% renewables.

Also, looking a plug-in hybrids that can use E85. Toyota introduced their version of this in India in Summer of 2023 that uses E100. The electrified flex-fuel variant of Innova HyCross is distinctive in its capability to run on ethanol, a renewable fuel derived from organic matter.

Moreover, this MPV is equipped with a lithium-ion battery pack and has the capacity to generate sufficient electric power, enabling the vehicle to function in an EV mode. Notably, this prototype adheres to the latest emission standards, Bharat Stage 6 (Stage 2).

https://www.firstpost.com/tech/auto-tech/toyota-unveils-indias-first-flexi-fuel-car-that-can-run-completely-on-ethanol-heres-why-its-important-13053302.html

***

Flex Fuel Vehicles (FFV) https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/flex-fuel-vehicles-ffv/

E30 https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/latest-data-on-fuel-mileage-and-ghg-benefits-of-e30 and https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/e30-optimized/

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/e30/

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/100-saf-sustainable-aviation-fuel/

E85 plus naphtha (https://ethanolproducer.com/articles/19576/within-clear-sight )

Toyota Unveils India’s First Flexi-Fuel Car that Can Run Completely on Ethanol. Here’s Why Its Important

by Mehul Reuben Das (Firstpost) Toyota, along with, Minister for Road Transport & Highways, Nitin Gadkari, has unveiled a prototype of

August 30, 2023 Read Full Article

ACE, EFlexFuel Technology Demonstrate Benefits of Hybrid Electric Flex Fuel Vehicle

(American Coalition for Ethanol/Ethanol Producer Magazine) Two years after the public unveiling of the American Coalition for Ethanol Hybrid Electric

August 29, 2023 Read Full Article

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What Will Sustainable Renewable Fuels Be Used For? Tomorrow

Rocket Fuel

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Missile Fuel: DARPA High Density JP-10 (BR-1)

Research is being done on making sustainable, renewable rocket and missile fuel.

***

Orbital Completes First Operational Cargo Mission to International Space Station for NASA-- Cygnus Cargo Logistics Spacecraft Reenters Earth’s Atmosphere Over Pacific Ocean --

-- Company’s Next CRS Mission to ISS to Take Place in Early May --

(Dulles, VA 19 February 2014) – Orbital Sciences Corporation (NYSE: ORB), one of the world’s leading space technology companies, today announced the successful completion of the first of eight CygnusTM operational cargo logistics spacecraft missions to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the company’s $1.9 billion Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract with NASA. The Cygnus spacecraft unberthed from the ISS yesterday morning at 6:41 a.m. (EST), completing a 37-day stay at the orbiting laboratory. Today, Cygnus reentered Earth’s atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean east of New Zealand at approximately 1:20 p.m. (EST).

“We are very proud to have a second flawless cargo mission to the space station brought to a successful conclusion this afternoon,” said Mr. David W. Thompson, Orbital’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. “Following Cygnus’ successful demonstration mission in late 2013 conducted under our COTS research and development partnership with NASA, the picture-perfect execution of the first operational mission is a great way to start the CRS contract. We are looking forward to the next Antares launch and Cygnus cargo delivery mission currently scheduled for early May.”

The CRS-1 mission began on January 9, 2014 when Orbital’s AntaresTM rocket launched Cygnus into orbit from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) located at NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility in eastern Virginia. Cygnus, which carried 2,780 lbs. (1,260 kg.) of cargo and science payloads, rendezvoused and berthed with the ISS three days later on January 12. Prior to its departure from the station, the astronauts loaded the cargo module with approximately 3,250 lbs. (1,477 kg.) of unneeded items for disposal.

Under the CRS contract with NASA, Orbital is using Antares and Cygnus to deliver up to 44,000 lbs. (20,000 kg.) of cargo to the ISS over eight missions, including the CRS-1 flight just completed, through late 2016. For these missions, NASA will manifest a variety of essential items based on ISS program needs, including food, clothing, crew supplies, spare parts and equipment, and scientific experiments.

Preparations are already well advanced for the next Cygnus cargo delivery flight, the CRS-2 mission, scheduled to take place in early May. The Antares rocket for the mission is now undergoing final assembly at Wallops Island, while the Cygnus spacecraft is being prepared for shipment to the Wallops launch site in mid-March. The CRS-2 flight is expected to deliver about 3,630 lbs. (1,650 kg.) of cargo to the Space Station.

About Antares�The Antares medium-class launch vehicle represents a major increase in the payload launch capability that Orbital can provide to NASA, the U.S. Air Force and commercial customers compared to its heritage small-class space launch vehicles such as Pegasus, Taurus and Minotaur. The Antares rocket can launch spacecraft weighing up to 14,000 lbs. (6,400 kg.) into low-Earth orbit, as well as lighter-weight payloads into higher-energy orbits. Orbital’s newest launcher has completed three successful missions and is currently on-ramped to both the NASA Launch Services-2 and the U.S. Air Force’s Orbital/Suborbital Program-3 contracts, enabling the two largest U.S. government space launch customers to order Antares for “right-size and right-price” launch services for medium-class spacecraft. For more information on Antares, visit http://www.orbital.com/SpaceLaunch/Antares/.

About Cygnus�Orbital developed the Cygnus cargo spacecraft as part of its Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) joint research and development initiative with NASA. Cygnus consists of a common Service Module (SM) designed and built by Orbital at its Dulles, VA manufacturing facilities, and a Pressurized Cargo Module (PCM), built by Thales Alenia Space under a subcontract from Orbital. The SM incorporates avionics, power and propulsion systems already successfully flown aboard dozens of Orbital’s LEOStar™ and GEOStar™ satellite products. The PCM is based on the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) used with the Space Shuttle. For more information on Cygnus, visit http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Cygnus_fact.pdf.

About Orbital�Orbital develops and manufactures small- and medium-class rockets and space systems for commercial, military and civil government customers. The company’s primary products are satellites and launch vehicles, including low-Earth orbit, geosynchronous-Earth orbit and planetary exploration spacecraft for communications, remote sensing, scientific and defense missions; human-rated space systems for Earth-orbit, lunar and other missions; ground- and air-launched rockets that deliver satellites into orbit; and missile defense systems that are used as interceptor and target vehicles. Orbital also provides satellite subsystems and space-related technical services to U.S. Government agencies and laboratories. More information about Orbital can be found at http://www.orbital.com. Follow the company on Twitter @OrbitalSciences.

# # # http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/release.asp?prid=1887

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels?

33

How are they made?

Feedstock

Logistics

Technology

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Agriculture�Forestry�Aquaculture � �The Foundations�of the Bioeconomy� �Along with Waste Management�for the Circular Economy�

34

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35

Carbon Cycle

First, let’s look at how we do that with plants. Remember, plants take carbon that is already in the air and use it to grow by a process called photosynthesis. Basically, they recycle carbon and store solar energy. Using fuels made from this recycled carbon reduces the need to take old carbon out of deep storage in the Earth.

Similarly, carbon captured from the atmosphere—or prevented from getting into the atmosphere when used to make fuels recycles carbon instead of taking it out of storage.

Background/References:

Less pollution

In addition, fuels like ethanol, biodiesel, renewable diesel, SAF and RNG and renewable heating and shipping fuel burn cleaner, don’t put as many pollutants into the air.

In this country, mostly for transportation; but in other countries ethanol and biodiesel can replace wood and dung which put lots of soot into the air which also causes climate change.

Biofuels are carbon neutral, don’t contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases related to the carbon they take out of the atmosphere when they are growing. Think of it. Plants that you can see are made out of the air that you can’t see.

And recycling the carbon already on land in the form of plastics and industrial flue gases also reduces the carbon that needs to be taken out of deep storage.

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Examples of Potential Feedstocks or Energy Crops

Sugars, Starches
Oil Seed Crops
Algae
Agave
Corn stover
Corn cobs
Energy cane
Sorghum
Forestry waste
Municipal waste
Sawdust
Chicken manure
Agricultural residues

Grasses such as

Switchgrass
Miscanthus

Sugar beets
Coffee grounds
Jatropha
Camelina
Paper/pulp mill waste
Industrial waste gases
Cashew apple
Thin Air
Halophytes

36

Food/Animal Processing Residues
Water
Captured Carbon Dioxide

There are many things that store solar energy via photosynthesis that you might use to make renewable fuels. Here’s a quick scroll through pictures of some examples.

Background/References:

Sugars, Starches See tags at www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org for these feedstock and more

Oil seed crops Grasses Trees and Forest Waste Agricultural Residues

Algae Food/Animal Processing Residues Energy Crops

Thin Air

University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science

($324,439) Feng Chen, associate professor, Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, works with Dayton-based HY-TEK Bio LLC to develop a system for extracting nutrients from chicken manure to speed the growth of microalgae, which HY-TEK Bio uses in its photobioreactor-based systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions on an industrial scale, and develop a bacteria-based process that will separate algae from water that will make harvesting algae fast and inexpensive.

- See more at: http://www.mtech.umd.edu/news/press_releases/mips_r52_release.html#sthash.1Zj3gA4S.dpuf

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Examples of crops/plants which are used for production of biofuels

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Soybeans, Corn, Rice, Wheat

Soybeans Soybeans are grown mostly to make animal feed. The oil needs to be taken out to make the soybean meal digestible. That oil is used to make fuel.

Similarly, corn/maize is fermented into ethanol with high protein animal feed co-products, along with relatively clean CO2 that can be sequestered, used for beverages, medical or industrial purposes or as a “feedstock” for e-fuels.

Rice and wheat are simiilarly fermented into ethanol.

Background/Resources:

Soybean Meal: Soybean meal is such an important commodity for animal feed and, to a lesser extent, for human food that the oil has been described as a by-product.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/soybean-meal

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/corn https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/rice

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/soybeans https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/wheat

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

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AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES

Corn Stover, Corn Cobs

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

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Grain Sorghum

Milo

Forage Sorghum

Sweet Sorghum

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

40

Sunflower or

Jerusalem Artichoke

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

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Canola/Rapeseed

Carinata

Camelina

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

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Arundo or Giant Reed

And many others

Miscanthus

Grasses

Phragmites

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

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Switchgrass

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

Energy Tobacco

Tyton Bioenergy Systems

Ready to Harvest, Danville, VA

44

Energy tobacco is being tested in Virginia as a way to use swine manure for fertilizer in a safe and sustainable way.

Background/References:

Smithfield Foods' Hog Production Division, Murphy-Brown, LLC, and Tyton BioEnergy Systems announced a research partnership to develop new applications for Tyton's dedicated, non-smoking tobacco crop and the resulting soil amendment, filtration, and feed products within Smithfield's hog production processes. The companies are pursuing mutual goals of protecting the environment while improving economic efficiency through this collaboration.

The two companies are establishing field trials with non-smoking tobacco using hog manure as fertilizer. High absorption rates of hog-fertilizer by non-smoking tobacco would enhance environmental outcomes and assist Tyton in obtaining lower-cost fertilizer for its industrial crop. In addition, the companies are pursuing the development of ethanol products using tobacco as raw material rather than corn.

Smithfield and Tyton also will develop applications for Tyton's tobacco-based biochar and activated carbon products, which can be used for a wide-range of filtration, land remediation, and soil amendment purposes. Other research activities with Tyton co-products will occur in parallel.

Gregg Schmidt, president of Smithfield's Hog Production Division, said, "This innovative project is a great opportunity for us and we are excited to be collaborating with Tyton BioEnergy Systems. We are always seeking novel ways to manage hog manure that demonstrate continual improvement, and we are also excited about the opportunity to pursue the development of ethanol options that utilize tobacco as their primary raw material source."

Tyton BioEnergy Systems president Peter Majeranowski remarked, "Through our partnership in Virginia and North Carolina, Tyton and Smithfield can develop new applications for non-smoking tobacco to deliver value to farmers, value to the agriculture industry, and protect the environment. We see it as a responsibility to secure America's food, energy and environmental futures, and we are so pleased to be working with Smithfield who joins us in advancing towards these goals."

http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/06/22/746180/10139256/en/Smithfield-Foods-Hog-Production-Division-and-Tyton-BioEnergy-Systems-Announce-Research-Partnership.html

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

45

Sugar Cane

Sugar Cane Bagasse

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

46

Sugar Beet/Sugar Beet Pulp

Energy Beets

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

47

Cassava

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

48

Jatropha

Moringa

Pongamia

Castor Bean

Jojoba

Croton

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

50

Cashew Apple

Agave

Cactus,

Nopales

Date Palm Pits/Seeds, Waste

Sisal Bole

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

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Kenaf

Hemp and Cannabis Residues

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

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Nut Shells

Cotton Seed and Hulls

Rice Hulls, Husk

Rice or Wheat Straw

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

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Woody Biomass

Forest Waste and Residues

Sawdust

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Examples of potential crops/plants which can be used for production of biofuels

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Short Rotation Coppice Willow

Poplar

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Examples of potential feedstock which can be used for production of biofuels

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Duckweed/Lemna

Algae

Cyanobacteria

Seaweed

Kelp

Duckweed/Lemna

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Examples of potential feedstock which can be used for production of renewable fuels

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Sorted Municipal Solid Waste or Food Waste

Flue Gas

Brewers and Distillers Waste

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Used Cooking Oils

Fats

Grease

Examples of potential feedstock which can be used for production of biofuels

And all over the world, biofuels like biodiesel, renewable diesel and jetfuel are being made from used cooking oil, grease and tallow or animal fat from food processing. The additional benefit from this is to prevent people from dumping grease into sewer systems causing backups known in England as “fatbergs”. It also keeps unhealthy, contaminated used cooking oil from being re-used, a serious problem in some countries.

Background/References:

Used Cooking Oil and Grease

http://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/used-cooking-oil/

Increased household collection of used cooking oil means better climate protection Jeder Tropfen Zahlt (Every Drop Counts)

https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/increased-household-collection-of-used-cooking-oil-means-better-climate-protection/

If you or students are interested something really disgusting, check out the stories about fatbergs: https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/?s=fatberg

fatberg https://nerdist.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Monster-Fatberg-Feature-Image-09132017.jpg

Valencia, Spain neighborhood recycling containers: https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/valencia-installs-300-new-domestic-oil-recycling-containers-on-public-roads/

Photo: Alteo Group Nationwide residential used cooking oil collection program underway in Hungary

https://www.biobased-diesel.com/post/nationwide-residential-used-cooking-oil-collection-program-underway-in-hungary?utm_campaign=f2745529-f44d-40c0-a4c4-34752a97eb51&utm_source=so&utm_medium=mail&cid=54d0cb5d-90d2-4af8-8fe4-918af6c4d31e

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Landfill Gas or Biogas from Animal or Food Processing Waste

Examples of potential feedstock which can be used for production of biofuels

Landfill Gas and Biogas from food and animal waste

http://www.greentechlead.com/news/clean-energy-opens-lng-fueling-station-in-seville-ohio-to-support-truck-fleet-operated-by-dillon-transport-serving-owens-corning-826

The opening

of this new Clean Energy LNG truck fueling station, the first in the industrial

heartland of America, is a major step toward realizing our program to create a

national LNG fueling infrastructure that will extend along major truck routes

nationwide.

http://www.quasarenergygroup.com/pages/cng.html

Anaerobic digestion of agriculture waste, food waste, manure, etc., makes biogas that is upgraded to renewable natural gas/biomethane for transportation use

***

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/anaerobic-digester-digestion/

Photos from https://www.rngcoalition.com/

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Renewable Fuels and Chemicals, �Not Just Bio-Based -- Recycling Carbon

Flue Gas/Industrial Waste Gas
Recycled Plastic, Tires
Municipal Waste
Carbon Capture and Reuse

59

LanzaTech

Not all renewable fuels are made from plants. Some can be made from other carbon sources such as industrial waste gas, hard-to-recycle plastics, old tires.

Background/References:

Flue Gas, Industrial Waste Gas

Recycling Carbon: https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/carbon-recycling/

University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science

($324,439) Feng Chen, associate professor, Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, works with Dayton-based HY-TEK Bio LLC to develop a system for extracting nutrients from chicken manure to speed the growth of microalgae, which HY-TEK Bio uses in its photobioreactor-based systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions on an industrial scale, and develop a bacteria-based process that will separate algae from water that will make harvesting algae fast and inexpensive.

See more at: http://www.mtech.umd.edu/news/press_releases/mips_r52_release.html#sthash.1Zj3gA4S.dpuf

http://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/category/feedstocks/

Get link for LanzaTech, for recycling tires into fuel

Municipal solid waste: https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/msw-municipal-solid-waste/

Neste successfully completed its first industrial-scale processing run with liquefied waste plastic in Finland https://www.neste.com/releases-and-news/plastics/neste-successfully-completed-its-first-industrial-scale-processing-run-liquefied-waste-plastic

Agilyx and Braskem Announce Collaboration to Explore Advanced Recycling Project in North America https://www.braskem.com.br/usa/news-detail/agilyx-and-braskem-announce-collaboration-to-explore-advanced-recycling-project-in-north-america

Development Renewable Fuels paper as support to the UPEI 2050 vision

http://www.studiogearup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/19_0927_sGU_UPEI_Renewable-Fuels-Paper_FFV.pdf

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Water for Renewable Hydrogen

Examples of potential feedstock which can be used for production of renewable fuels

Renewable Hydrogen plus Carbon Dioxide to Methanol or Methane

Power to Fuel

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Not Just Renewable Fuels --�Co-Products!

Animal Feed
Agricultural and Forest Residues
Agricultural Co-Products
Food Processing Co-Products
Animal Manure/Waste (dairy cows, swine, poultry)
Brewery/Vineyard/Whisky
Biochar, Fertilizer
Carbon dioxide for dry ice, beverages and medical uses

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Celtic Renewables

Raisinor/U.C.V.A Distillery

You might have noticed that the renewable feedstocks we have talked about are not just grown for fuel alone. Many are grown for other purposes and the leftovers or co-products are used to make fuel. Also, fuels made from plant-based materials have co-products such as dry ice, animal feed, fertilizer or other healthy soil amendments.

Background/References:

Corn oil https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/corn-oil/

Soybean meal https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/soy-meal/

Animal fat https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/animal-fat/

Potato https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/potato/

Whisky waste https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/munster/arid-40072076.html

Wine making pomace How wine waste powers Scania ethanol buses in France

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6SpL-Te0NDQ&ab_channel=ScaniaGroup

https://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId=242557

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Feedstock Sustainability Criteria

Edible oil crops

Edible Sugars

1st gen-crop based

Advanced and waste

waste and residue lipids

purposely grown energy plants

Agricultural residues

Oil trees on degraded land

Rotational Cover Crops

Oil cover crops

Cellulosic Cover Crops

Forestry Residues

Wood Processing Waste

Municipal solid waste

Recycled Carbon

Non-biomass based

Reusable plastic waste

Industrial waste gas

CO₂ from direct air capture (DAC)

CO₂ from point source capture (CCS)

Other (e.g. gas from steel production)

Focus of analysis

Palm

Soybean

Other (incl. sunflower, rapeseed/canola)

Sugar Cane

Maize

Other

Used cooking oil (industrial or private sources)

Animal waste fat (tallow)

Other (incl. tall oil, technical corn oil, fish oil, POME, PFAD)

Jatropha, pongamia

Camelina, carineta, pennycress

Miscanthus, switchgrass, reed canary grass

Rice Straw

Sugarcane bagasse

Other (incl. corn stover, cereal residues)

Feedstock type

Feedstock Category

Feedstock

Substantial GHG savings potential

No fundamental sustainability concerns

Satisfied

Potentially Satisfied

Not Satisfied

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A Few Types of Jobs Available in Renewable Fuels Feedstock Development and Production

Agronomists
Farmers
Farm workers
Farm equipment designers
Biologists
Biologists specializing in genetic research
Biologists specializing in plant cells
Chemists
Chemical engineers
Researchers into bioenergy crop development
Agriculture/horticulture experts

63

Freight railroad operators, engineers, loaders, unloaders
Equipment operators, technicians
Farm product purchasers/traders
Agricultural and Forestry Supervisors
Agriculture Economists
Agricultural Inspectors
Computer Software Engineers
Commodity Traders
Others?

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels?

64

How are they made?

Feedstock

Logistics

Technology

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Logistics: Harvest, Storage, Transport

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Logistics: Harvest, Storage, Transport

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Logistics: Harvest, Storage, Transport

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Logistics: Harvest, Storage, Transport

Storage of co-product, carbon dioxide (CO2), for carbon sequestration

Graphic from Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute

http://www.rmcmi.org/education/carbon-capture-storage#.X-zZi9hKhPY

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At ethanol refineries, logistics may also include sequestering the co-product, carbon dioxide (CO2). Depending on policy this might be eligible for obtain carbon capture and storage credits and tax benefits.

Background/References:

Graphic from Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute: Carbon Capture And Storage

http://www.rmcmi.org/education/carbon-capture-storage#.X-zZi9hKhPY

45Q - The Drive to Qualify

EThanol Producer Magazine: The road to qualifying for the 45Q tax credit can be confusing, with strict limitations on project phases and what constitutes start of construction. But, navigated properly, the credit is a promising opportunity. http://www.ethanolproducer.com/articles/17813/45q-the-drive-to-qualify

And if not stored close to the production site, the CO2 has to be transported to the storage site using, for example, pipelines. https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/carbon-pipeline/

Watch video: Roads to Removal- Geologic Storage & Transportation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0f54ijOCxvw

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels?

69

How are they made?

Feedstock

Logistics

Technology

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Recycling Carbon ��Why is the sustainable renewable fuel industry concerned about capturing CO2 and CH4? Consider this reason:�

Microbes and yeast used in fermentation and anaerobic digestion use about 40-45% of the biomass put into reactors for their respiration. When finished with producing the enzymes and other chemicals used for fermentation and anaerobic digestion, the “bugs” exhale the CO2 and CH4 back into the atmosphere.
For renewable fuels to produce zero percent greenhouse gases, the CO2 must be reused or sequestered.

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Processes

Fermentation
Transesterification
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Enzymatic Catalysis
Photosynthesis
Anaerobic Digestion

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Biochemical

Thermochemical/Catalysis

Gasification
Plasma arc gasification
Pyrolysis
Thermochemical conversion of sugars
Electrolysis
Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL)

These are names of some of the processes that take the feedstock and make it into renewable fuels or the building blocks for fuels and co-products.

***

I usually think of these as fitting into two general categories--seductive and bullying

The seductive technologies take place at pretty much ordinary temperatures and pressures and encourage feedstock to convert faster than they might otherwise do--and in a particular desired direction. For example, making things “rot” or break down under controlled conditions by fermentation or enzyme use. Or making them grow with photosynthesis.

On the other side, high temperatures and pressures are used to force feedstock to convert.

Both of these approaches are needed, depending on the feedstock. For example, HTL is useful to convert wet biomass such as food waste and sewage sludge. Gasification and pyrolysis are good for feedstock high in lignin which is hard to convert by enzymes or yeast. Think of woody biomass, agricultural wastes like straw or nut shells or municipal solid waste.

Background/References:

Fermentation https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/fermentation/

Transesterification https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/transesterification/

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/advanced-biofuels-usa-publishes-updated-whats-the-difference-between-biodiesel-and-renewable-green-diesel/

Hydrolysis https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/enzymatic-hydrolysis/

Enzymatic Catalysis https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/enzymatic-conversion/

Photosynthesis https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/photosynthesis/

Gasification https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/gasification/

Plasma arc gasification (no link) https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/?s=plasma+arc+gasification

Pyrolysis https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/pyrolysis/

Thermochemical conversion of sugars https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/thermochemical-conversion/

Electrolysis https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/electrolysis/ Electrolysis is the passing of a direct electric current through an electrolyte producing chemical reactions at the electrodes and decomposition of the materials

hydrothermal liquefaction: https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/hydrothermal-liquefaction/

Explain enzymes—like the saliva in your mouth.

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Overcoming the �Technical Roadblocks to Low-Cost Advanced Biofuel Production

-- Make all components of biomass available for biofuel and co-product production (Use the appropriate parts of specific plants)

-- Improve the efficiency of biomass to biofuel conversion (Do it faster, cheaper, sustainably)

-- Minimize the cost of biomass transportation (Move more for less)

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“Why aren’t we there yet?”� Biomass Recalcitrance

Lignin

(“You can make anything you want from lignin except money”)

Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Pectin

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Making Plant Biomass �Available for Biofuel Production �Biomass Recalcitrance

Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, & lignin intertwine to create complex cell wall matrices
This complex structure protects plants and trees from disease, moves nutrients, and provides for growth
These complex structures also restrict access to the “simple sugar” components
Current technologies to break up biomass: acid, ammonia, steam, or pressure, enzymatic hydrolysiscost intensive

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Making Plant Biomass �Available for Biofuel Production �Sugar Availability in Plant Cell Walls

Tree and grass cell walls have an additional component, lignin.

This is the “woody” material that gives trees great tensile strength

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin are composed of monosaccharides strung together, they are called polysaccharides

Lignin is composed of polysaccharides and alcohols

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Making Plant Biomass �Available for Biofuel Production �Overcoming Biomass Recalcitrance

Researchers are pursuing at least four different approaches to overcome biomass recalcitrance

1. Reverse engineer plant cell wall genetics to discover enzymes that will “deconstruct” cell wall matrices
2. Adapt microbial “deconstruction” enzymes to dissolve cell walls

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Making Plant Biomass �Available for Biofuel Production �Overcoming Biomass Recalcitrance

3. Breed plants and trees with cell wall structures more amenable to enzyme solubility

4. Reduce costs and energy requirements of conversion processes

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Making Plant Biomass �Available for Biofuel Production �Overcoming Biomass Recalcitrance

Discover enzymes that will “deconstruct” cell wall matrices

Examples: Leaf Cutter Ants, Termites, Horse or Panda Feces, sea hare slugs.

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This illustrates one aspect of advanced biofuels development that might be of particular interest to microbiologists. The structure of plant cells and developing processes to unlock the sugars that can serve as the building blocks of renewable chemicals, fuels and other products.

***

Biomass recalcitrance. https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/biomass-recalcitrance/

“These leaf cutter ants, fungi and bacteria can plow through over (880 lbs.) of dry leaves each year,” said Garret Suen, a scientist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison working on the project. READ MORE Question: can they be modified to do this at speeds that make economic sense?

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/?s=termites What are the enzymes that the termites, horses or pandas use?

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/?s=panda

Sea hare slugs: Structural basis of EHEP-mediated offense against phlorotannin-induced defense from brown algae to protect akuBGL activity eLife Sciences

https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/88939v2

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Praj 2^nd Generation Ethanol and Bioplastics Work

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Virent’s BioForming Platform

Recent announcement of working with Cargill to use dextrose from corn ethanol production as feedstock

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/cargill-virent-collaborate-on-biobased-fuels-and-chemicals/

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Clariant ferments straw/stover/grasses/bagasse via enzymes and microorganisms to multiple products

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Anaerobic Digester

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Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion as Integral Parts of Gevo’s

Net Zero 1 Biorefinery System

Anaerobic Digestion

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Anaerobic Digestion

Hydrogen (Bio-Hydrogen), E-Fuels

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Hydrogen (Bio-Hydrogen), E-Fuels: Cautions and Comparisons

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Recycling Carbon

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Synhelion uses RED II-certified CO2 and methane from biowaste as a carbon source to ensure clean production.

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Process Path: Biomass-to-Fuels and Products

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Graphic by Zina Deretsky, National Science Foundation

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Recycling Carbon

Instead of taking carbon out of deep storage, we need to recycle what we already have on land and in the air.

***

Advanced Biofuels as part of a Climate Change mitigation solution

. Not only will oil run out some day, but in the meantime burning hydrocarbons that used to be buried deep in the Earth releases carbon dioxide into the air. More than we need to grow plants and to sustain life. So it stays for very long time in the atmosphere causing climate change. More about carbon cycle later.

Less pollution

Fuels like ethanol burn cleaner, don’t put as many pollutants into the air.

In this country, mostly for transportation; but in other countries ethanol and biodiesel can replace wood and dung which put lots of soot into the air which also causes climate change.

Carbon neutral: use does not contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases.

Suggestion: Point out location of oil on the chart. And arrows coming from oil surface, brining stored/sequestered carbon to the sruface and releasing it; compare that to re-using/recyling carbon that is already released.

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Recycling Carbon

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Anaerobic Digestion

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Bright Renewables CO₂ liquefaction plant is a prefab compact containerized technology

The facility consists of eight collector containers, with an annual capture capacity of 500 tons each. Iceland location; Swiss company

Co-product and/or Feedstock:

Carbon Capture and Storage or Use

A CO2 liquefier will be added to an existing biogas upgrader and will purify and liquefy carbon dioxide coming from the biogas upgrader

**

https://www.bright-renewables.com/bright-to-build-co2-liquefaction-plant-in-the-us/

https://www.bright-renewables.com/co2liquefaction/

Carbon Capture and Utilization.

Bright Renewables CO₂ liquefaction plant, with in-house developed CO ₂ liquefaction technology, is a prefab compact containerized technology based on an in-house developed cryogenic process with clean circular cooling…. It enables an additional revenue stream by producing liquid (bio)-CO₂ for among others the horticulture-, food- and refrigeration-industry. Jafeth Bulsink: “Currently, our technology is particularly interesting for biogas production facilities from 500 SCFM (800 Nm³/hr) biogas production, but we continue to develop the technology to be beneficial for even smaller scales”.

https://climeworks.com/roadmap/orca

The facility consists of eight collector containers, with an annual capture capacity of 500 tons each. The containers are arranged around a central process hall that accommodates all electrics, such as the processing unit, allowing us to operate and control the facility from afar. 

The heat and electricity required to run the direct air capture process is supplied by the Hellisheidi Geothermal Power Plant.

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Water for Renewable Hydrogen via Electrolysis

Examples of potential feedstock which can be used for production of renewable fuels

Renewable Hydrogen plus Captured Carbon Dioxide to Methanol

Power to Fuel

Certainly, photosynthesis takes carbon from the air and recycles it in ways that we can use to make fuels. We can also use other processes to recycle that carbon. Like combining green hydrogen from electrolysis with captured carbon dioxide to make methanol or other molecules.

***

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/electrolysis/

fshore wind to methanol | Engie and partners to combine 1.85GW of green hydrogen with captured CO2

https://www.rechargenews.com/energy-transition/offshore-wind-to-methanol-engie-and-partners-to-combine-1-85gw-of-green-hydrogen-with-captured-co2/2-1-1216569

Renewable Methanol Production Using Captured Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Generated through Water-Splitting

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=119270

https://www.bioenergy-news.com/news/gasum-signs-e-methane-offtake-agreement-with-nordic-ren-gas/

Gasum and Nordic Ren-Gas to bring renewable e-methane to market starting 2026 (Gasum)

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A Few Types of Jobs Available in Advanced Biofuels Production

Biologists
Biologists specializing in genetic research
Biologists specializing in plant cells
Chemists
Chemical engineers
Mechanical Engineers
Systems engineers
Research assistants
Lab technicians
Industrial engineers

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Industrial architects
Construction workers, Managers
Truck drivers
Plant operations managers
Equipment operators, technicians
Computer Software Engineers
Refinery Equipment Manufacturers
Welders
Boilermakers
Pipe Fitters
Others?

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels?

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How are they made?

What are they used for?

Why are they important?

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What We Have

Why Replacing Fossil Fuel Is Important

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What We Could Have

Why Replacing Fossil Fuel Is Important

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Windmills and solar

can produce electricity

but cannot power jet airplanes.

Why Replacing Fossil Fuel Is Important

Virtually no oil is used to produce electricity in the US.

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Before oil runs out, it becomes more difficult and dangerous to extract.

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Why Replacing Fossil Fuel Is Important

Before oil runs out, it becomes more difficult and dangerous to extract. These are images of boreal forest and what it looks like when turned into oil sands mining.

***

2) This oil is fossil fuel. It will run out some day. Before it runs out, it becomes very difficult, dangerous and expensive to find and to extract.

Remember the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010—drilling for oil very, very deep wells

Also the tar sands in Canada

In Canada’s boreal forests, there are almost 3000 square miles of mineable oil sands. Getting to the oil sands means removing the forests. It means that large scale, heavy equipment moves into the landscape, removing the plants, impacting animal populations, and damaging soil, water and air. Shifting Sands documents the work in the oil sands with photos of the oil sands landscapes during and after this process. Some consider this to be a cost of oil production. Others consider this to be an environmental disaster.

http://www.decodedscience.com/the-tar-sands-fueling-controversy/4981 by Tricia Edgar is a science writer and educator from the beautiful, wet Pacific Northwest. She has a Master’s degree in Environmental Management.

Map: http://www.google.com/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=685&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=YeF5QzLiRLZv9M:&imgrefurl=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/BorealThreshold/&docid=omIRY8y0hG362M&imgurl=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BorealThreshold/Images/boreal_forest_map.gif&w=428&h=370&ei=CkO0TrbAJM-CsgKimNnmAw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=607&vpy=226&dur=11401&hovh=209&hovw=241&tx=103&ty=113&sig=117376384788423915804&page=1&tbnh=141&tbnw=163&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0

http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/Oil/8662080?WT.mc_id=&WT.tsrc=Eloqua

"The challenge for producers such as the UAE is to continue producing oil and gas from existing reservoirs while, at the same time, developing new opportunities," he said. "It is no secret that the days of easy oil are coming to an end. Increasingly we are being forced to go down the route of enhanced oil recovery and developing ultra sour oil and gas from complex reservoirs." ��These challenges had turned the oil-rich region to become a center for development of new technologies and innovation, Hamli said, referring to the UAE's expansion into renewable energy and its decision to build the zero-carbon Masdar City in Abu Dhabi.��"Our commitment to widening our domestic energy mix and promoting renewable energy does not mean that we have turned our backs to the oil industry," Hamli said.��"Our growing population and fast-moving industrial developments have forced us to choose between continuing burning fossil fuels which would otherwise be exported and finding complementary energy solutions for use at home. We realized that by widening our domestic fuel mix, we could release more hydrocarbons for export," he added.��The UAE has set a target of switching to nuclear power for 25% of its power generation requirements, Hamli said, adding that national peak demand for electricity was set to more than double by 2020 while demand for other forms of energy is growing.��The UAE expects to have its first nuclear power station commissioned in 2017 while at the same time developing solar energy. Abu Dhabi has set a target of generating 7% of its energy needs from renewable sources including solar.��"We believe that the best way of securing a sustainable economic future in a carbon constrained world is to develop a balanced portfolio of clean energy sources in which nuclear, renewable energy, oil and natural gas all have a role to play," Hamli said.�

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Before oil runs out, it becomes more difficult and dangerous to extract.

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Why Replacing Fossil Fuel Is Important

Remember the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010—drilling for oil very, very deep wells

These are not the jobs we want in the future--$10/hour for 10 hours in 90 to 100 degree F temps cleaning up after oil spills

***

From previous slide:

Also the tar sands in Canada

In Canada’s boreal forests, there are almost 3000 square miles of mineable oil sands. Getting to the oil sands means removing the forests. It means that large scale, heavy equipment moves into the landscape, removing the plants, impacting animal populations, and damaging soil, water and air. Shifting Sands documents the work in the oil sands with photos of the oil sands landscapes during and after this process. Some consider this to be a cost of oil production. Others consider this to be an environmental disaster.

http://www.decodedscience.com/the-tar-sands-fueling-controversy/4981 by Tricia Edgar is a science writer and educator from the beautiful, wet Pacific Northwest. She has a Master’s degree in Environmental Management.

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Waste Management,

Landfill Management

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Why Replacing Fossil Fuel Is Important

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Solutions to Problems

Reduce carbon footprints
Erosion control
Waste water treatment
Remediation of contaminated soil
Nutrient management
Carbon sequestration
Alternative to carcinogens / Air Quality
Overflowing landfill relief/plastic recycling
Burning agricultural waste in fields
Grease (fatbergs) in sewers
Contaminated black market used cooking oil

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Why Replacing Fossil Fuel is Important

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Zero Emissions Vehicle…?

GHG Emissions

Nuclear

Coal Mining

Natural Gas Fracking

Power Plant

Solar

Wind

Hydro

Rare Earth Metal Mining

Batteries

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Zero Emissions Vehicle…?

GHG Emissions

Nuclear

Coal Mining

Natural Gas Fracking

Power Plant

Solar

Wind

Hydro

Rare Earth Metal Mining

Batteries

34%

20%

36%

0.33%

2.9%

1.35%

Captured methane: 0.3%

Solid Waste: 0.5%

Wood/Biomass: 0.17%

2019

Frederick, Maryland

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A Few Types of Jobs in Communicating Importance of Advanced Biofuels

Public Relations
Economic Development
Marketing/Sales
Elected Official
Federal Agency Staff
State Agency Staff
County/Local Administrative Staff
Journalists
Writers
Photographers
Broadcast Media Professionals

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Teachers
Teaching Assistants
Nonprofit Organization Staff
Advocates
Lawyers
Office Administrative Staff
Book Publishers
Event Organizers
Fundraisers
Celebrities
Others?

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Barriers and Challenges�Not as easy as we hoped!

TECHNICAL CHALLENGES, Biomass Recalcitrance, Enzyme Recycling, …

FINANCING “New” & “Never Been Done Before” Technologies …

POLICY ISSUES / CONTROVERSIES: Feedstock Cost Reductions, Efficient Land Use, Sustainability

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It’s not been easy. In one of his State of the Union Addresses, President George W. Bush urged using switchgrass to make renewable fuels to get us “off our addiction to oil.”

But it was more difficult than anyone thought it would be.. A lot of work has been doine; and a lot of work remains.

A note about policy issues: India has taken the lead in creating and promoting the Global Biofuels Alliance https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/?s=Global+Biofuels+Alliance The alliance is aimed at facilitating international cooperation and intensifying the use of sustainable biofuels, along with facilitating global biofuels trade and technical support for national biofuel programmes. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-clean-energy-g20-global-biofuel-alliance-8932129/

It is up to you to build on the foundations that have been built over the past dozen years or more. There is growing understanding of the importance of sustainable renewable fuels not only to mitigate climate change, but to reduce air and water pollution and to be a significant solution to many other problems discussed earlier.

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��

Advocates for the adoption of sustainable, renewable fuels as

energy security,
military flexibility,
economic development
climate change mitigation
pollution control

solutions.

Advanced Biofuels USA

501(c)3 Nonprofit

Educational Organization

Founded April 2008

Website:

www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org

Frederick, MD

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Advanced Biofuels USA, a nonprofit educational organization advocates for the adoption of advanced biofuels as an energy security, military flexibility, economic development and climate change mitigation/pollution control solution. Our key tool for accomplishing this is our web site, www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org, a resource for everyone from opinion-leaders, decision-makers and legislators to industry professionals, investors, feedstock growers and researchers; as well as journalists, teachers and students.

In addition, we prepare technology assessments, present briefing documents to Congressional staff, participate in international conferences on renewable fuels, provide both background and attributed interviews for a wide range of journalists and broadcast reporters, consult with international conference organizers, conduct presentations and lectures for civic and school groups, and provide general assistance to those interested in any facet of the world of advanced biofuels.

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��

Joanne Ivancic, Executive Director

+1 301-644-1395

info@AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org

https://www.linkedin.com/company/advanced-biofuels-usa

Advanced Biofuels USA

501(c)3 Nonprofit

Educational Organization

Founded April 2008

Website:

www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org

Frederick, MD

110

Advanced Biofuels

for a

Truly Sustainable

Renewable

Future

Advanced Biofuels USA, a nonprofit educational organization advocates for the adoption of advanced biofuels as an energy security, military flexibility, economic development and climate change mitigation/pollution control solution. Our key tool for accomplishing this is our web site, www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org, a resource for everyone from opinion-leaders, decision-makers and legislators to industry professionals, investors, feedstock growers and researchers; as well as journalists, teachers and students.

In addition, we prepare technology assessments, present briefing documents to Congressional staff, participate in international conferences on renewable fuels, provide both background and attributed interviews for a wide range of journalists and broadcast reporters, consult with international conference organizers, conduct presentations and lectures for civic and school groups, and provide general assistance to those interested in any facet of the world of advanced biofuels.