Discussion on Basic Food

and Nutrition

Esmin Marie N. Alawas

Nutritionist Dietitian I

Supplementary Feeding Program

PRAYER

UNDERSTANDING FOOD

AND

NUTRITION CONCEPTS

PRAYER

Any substance that people eat and drink to maintain life and growth

Food

PRAYER

Substances obtained from food and used by the body for energy, building and repairing tissues, and regulating body processes

​

Nutrients

PRAYER

Study of how the body uses food.

Nutrition

PRAYER

Physiological state of an individual as determined by the kinds and amount of food consumed and by the ability of the body to use them.

Nutritional Status

PRAYER

A condition of the body caused by sustained deficiency, excess, or imbalance in one or more nutrients.

Malnutrition

PRAYER

Knowing the Nutrients�in the Food

PRAYER

• People need food to live

​

• The human body is not able to produce essential nutrients.

PRAYER

Classification of Nutrients

Macronutrients

Micronutrients

Fat-soluble

Water-soluble

Major

Trace

Vitamins

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Fats

Minerals

Nutrients

PRAYER

1. Component of body fluids
2. For lubrication of joints and moistening of the eyes and mucous membranes
3. For regulation of body temperature, removal of waste products�

Water

PRAYER

Describing the Nutritional Guide Pyramid for Filipinos

PRAYER

A dietary guide that teaches the principle of eating a variety of foods every day in the right amounts.

Food Pyramid

PRAYER

Describing the Pinggang Pinoy

PRAYER

Pinggang Pinoy

Fruit

• 17%

Vegetables - 33%

​

Fish and alternatives

-17%

Rice and

alternatives

- 33%

PRAYER

Describing the 10 Kumainments

PRAYER

Sundin ang 10 Kumainments

PRAYER

Tracing the Farm

to Table Food Path

PRAYER

Farm

Hauling

Market Preparation

Secondary Processing

Consumers

Wholesale Market

Storage and Transport

Retail Market

Nutrient Utilization

Food Production

Food Distribution

Food Consumption

Nutrient Utilization

PRAYER

Nutrient Utilization

• Families may have different food path.

​

• If one or more of the paths are blocked, they can contribute to food insecurity and malnutrition.

Food Production

Food Distribution

Food Consumption

PRAYER

All people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preference for an active and healthy life.

​

Food Security

(Weingartner, 2004)

PRAYER

Achieved if adequate food is available and accessible to, and satisfactorily used and utilized by all individuals at all times to live a healthy and active life.

Food and

Nutrition Security

PRAYER

Right to Food

A basic human need for all people as well as a basic human right.

​

PRAYER

• The right to adequate�food does not mean�giving food for free�(or charity), it is about�being able to feed oneself in dignity.

​

• The human right to adequate food is a practical goal, a moral and legal obligation.

Right to Food

PRAYER

• LGUs should strive to uphold�this right through planning�and implementation of programs.�

​

• The LGUs can be held�accountable by the people for�not providing the conditions in which they can live free from hunger and with dignity.

Right to Food

PRAYER

MALNUTRITION: FORMS, CAUSES, AND CONSEQUENCES

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition
2. Overnutrition
3. Specific Nutrient Deficiency
4. Nutrient Imbalance

Forms of Malnutrition

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

Underweight

A condition when children weigh less than expected for�their age and gender;

​

May indicate

stunting or

wasting or both

​

(underweight-

for-age)

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

The child’s height is less than expected for�their age and gender

​

(underheight-�for-age)

Underheight/ Stunting

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

The child’s weight is less than expected for their height and gender

​

​

(underweight-�for-height)

Wasting

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

A form of severe

undernutrition�

​

Non-�edematous

malnutrition

Marasmus

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

A form of severe undernutrition

​

​

​

Edematous

malnutrition

Kwashiorkor

PRAYER

Marasmic kwashiorkor

​

• Kwashiorkor and marasmus are distinct conditions

​

• Severe malnutrition often

have features of both

​

• The child’s upper body is

wasted, but the lower

limbs are swollen with

edema

​

• Sever wasting with skin

and hair changes or

edema

PRAYER

Edema on both feet

​

• A sign that a child needs referral for specialized care even if other signs of kwashiorkor is not present

​

• The oedema must appear in both feet

PRAYER

Checking for edema of both feet

To check for edema:

​

• Grasp the foot so that it rest on your hand with the thumb on top of the foot
• Press your thumb gently for few seconds

​

Positive (+) for edema if pit/dent remains in the foot when you lift your thumb

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

Results from a long standing intake of

a diet that is

inadequate�in energy to�sustain optimal�growth and�physical activity

Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED)

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

Term used to include all malnourished children whether they have moderate or severe wasting or edema or some combination of these conditions

Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM)

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

Weighing too much for one’s length or height

Overweight

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

A condition of being severely overweight

Obesity

PRAYER

• Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders (VADD)
• Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)
• Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD)

A pathological state resulting from a relative or absolute lack of an individual nutrient

Specific

Deficiency

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

A micronutrient found

in animal products and plants (beta-carotene, less absorbable form)

Vitamin A

Essential for normal growth and development, vision and helps the body fight diseases

PRAYER

VADD

Impaired iron mobilization

Disturbed cellular differentiation

Depressed immune response

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

• Do not consume enough Vitamin A-rich foods�
• Do not receive Vitamin A supplements on a regular basis�
• Have frequent illnesses and are undernourished

​

​

VADD occurs when people:

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

Mineral essential to the body found mainly in hemoglobin and myoglobin; iron

helps form the�red blood cells

Iron

Animals: contained more absorbable form of iron (heme)

​

Vegetables: legumes, green leafy- contained less

absorbable�form of iron (non-heme)

PRAYER

Characterized by a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

needed in the transport of oxygen to tissues and organs

Iron Deficiency

Anemia

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

• Low levels of iron and low iron bioavailability in the diet

​

• Deficiencies in nutrients linked with iron absorption and metabolism (Vit C)

​

IDA Results from

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

​

• Presence of hookworm, schistosomiasis, malaria, and other pathological blood losses e.g. hemorrhoids

​

• Repeated pregnancies and excessive bleeding

​

​

​

​

​

IDA Results from

PRAYER

IDA

Decreased work productivity

Poor academic performance

Low resistance to infection

Death�(in extreme cases)

PRAYER

1. Undernutrition

a. Underweight

b. Stunting

c. Wasting

d. Marasmus

e. Kwashiorkor

f. CED

g. GAM

2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight

b. Obesity

3. Specific Deficiency

a. VADD

b. IDA

c. IDD

4. Imbalance

Essential micronutrient and component of thyroxin which control normal functioning of the brain and body

Iodine

Found in shellfish and seafood and commonly consumed through iodized salt

PRAYER

IDD

Goiter

Poor mental development

Low work productivity

Congenital, mental and physical deformities�(deaf-mutism)

Squint (pagkaduling)

Mental retardation

Spontaneous abortion

Stillbirth

PRAYER

Understanding Nutrition Throughout the Life Cycle

PRAYER

Developmental�Stages in Human Life

Low

Burden of Undernutrition Throughout the Life Cycle

Adapted from: SCN, 2000

Inadequate food, health, and care

Reduced physical capacity and fat-free mass

Higher maternal mortality

Inadequate food, health, and care

Reduced mental capacity

Inadequate food, health, and care

Frequent infections

Untimely/Inadequate feeding

Increased risk of adult chronic disease

Impaired mental development

Higher mortality rate

Inadequate food, health, and care

Reduced capacity to care for child

Inadequate fetal nutrition

Inadequate catch-up growth

Mortality

Early Death

Undernourished children

Inability to concentrate in school

School drop-out

Lack skill/�low literacy

Under/unemployed undernourished adults

Low productivity

Poverty

Weak Resistance

Infection

Consequences of Malnutrition

PRAYER