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HAZARD

PREPAREDNESS:

What you need to know

What you need to do

Where you need to go

EARTHQUAKES

Module Instructor: Genevieve Q. Villanueva, LDRRMO I

Session Facilitator: Ma. Theresa S. Reyes, LDRRMO I

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MODULE OBJECTIVES

Knowledge and self-awareness

Ability to plan, prepare, and act

Capacity to help

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Video 1. Prevention saves lives, YouTube video, 1:19, posted by United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, September 15, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93TJ_3tAojE.

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Menti Activity�Hazard or Disaster

�To answer, go to menti.com and enter the code:�2443 7566�Or scan the QR code:�

BASIC DISASTER CONCEPTS

Hazard

(Bantang panganib)

A process, phenomenon, or human activity that may cause loss of life

Disaster

(Sakuna)

A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society

Multi-hazard

Hazardous events may occur simultaneously, cascadingly, or cumulatively

vs.

Hazard versus Disaster

Hazard: A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.

Disaster: A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts.

Multi-hazard: The specific contexts where hazardous events may occur simultaneously, cascadingly or cumulatively over time, and taking into account the potential interrelated effects.

(This is optional) Disaster vs. Emergency

Emergency relates to hazardous events that do not result in the serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society.

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3 TYPES OF HAZARDS

Natural

Anthropogenic or human-induced

Socionatural

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HAZARDS INCLUDE:

•Biological

•Environmental

•Geological or geophysical

•Hydrometeorological

•Technological

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DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FORMULA

Exposure – located in hazard-prone areas

Vulnerability – susceptibility of an individual, community, assets, or systems to the impacts of hazards

Capacity – combination of strengths, attributes, and resources

Disaster risk – potential disaster losses

“There is no such thing as natural disaster, only natural hazards.”

Exposure: The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities, and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone areas. (UNDRR)

Vulnerability: The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of hazards. (UNDRR)

Capacity: The combination of all the strengths, attributes, and resources available within an organization, community, or society to manage and reduce disaster risks, and strengthen resilience. (UNDRR)

Disaster Risk: The potential disaster losses in lives, health status, livelihood, assets, and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period. (Makati DRRM Plan)

-Disaster risk is therefore considered as the combination of the severity and frequency of a hazard, the numbers of people and assets exposed to the hazard, and their vulnerability to damage. (UNDRR)

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Toward Resilience

Figure 1. A visual reference to illustrate risk as a function of hazard, vulnerability, and exposure, what a (natural or human-induced) disaster is, and the concept of resilience. (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction)

Hazard

Exposure × Vulnerability

= Disaster Risk

Resilience

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DISASTER RISK PROFILE

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DISASTER RISK PROFILE – THE PHILIPPINES

Lies along the circum-seismic pacific belt

~ More than 300 volcanoes

Source: USGS

Seismicity of the Philippines

20

Earthquakes daily

~ 100 destructive earthquakes in the past 400 years

Pacific Typhoon Belt

Prone to tsunamis, storm surges, landslides, flood, drought

Source: PHIVOLCS

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DISASTER RISK PROFILE – THE PHILIPPINES

Lies along the circum-seismic pacific belt

~ More than 300 volcanoes

Video 2. Ring of fire: New attention after active earthquake week, YouTube video, 2:51, posted by CBS This Morning, April 6, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-_zzZMxUSE.

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DISASTER RISK PROFILE – THE PHILIPPINES

Seismicity of the Philippines

20

Earthquakes daily

~ 100 destructive earthquakes in the past 400 years

Source: PHIVOLCS

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DISASTER RISK PROFILE – THE PHILIPPINES

Earthquake Generators

•Active faults and trenches in the Philippines

•Valley Fault System:

East Valley Fault

West Valley Fault

Source: PHIVOLCS

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DISASTER RISK PROFILE – THE PHILIPPINES

Philippines

Pacific Typhoon Belt

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DISASTER RISK PROFILE

Makati City

➤ 27.36 sq km or 2,736 hectares of land area

➤ 4.28% of NCR’s total land area

➤ 33 barangays in 2 districts

Sources: Makati DRRM Plan 2019-2030 and 2020 Census of Population and Housing, Philippine Statistics Authority

➤ Daytime: 3.2-4.2 million total population

➤ Nighttime: 629,616 total population

Makati, due to its geographical location and characteristics, is exposed to several natural hazards, such as earthquake and typhoon. Likewise, the many economic facilities and activities, and the complexity of the urban setup as a whole make the city prone to human-induced hazards.

Land Area

Makati has a total land area of 27.36 square kilometers or 2,736 hectares. It constitutes 4.28 percent of National Capital Region’s (NCR) total land area. The City has 33 barangays divided into two Congressional Districts.

Population Density

Makati’s population based on the 2020 Census of Population and Housing by the Philippine Statistics Authority is 629,616, which accounts to 4.46% of the NCR’s total population. It has a population density of 193 persons per hectare.

It is also significant to note that the population of the city will rise to 3.2-4.2 million during the daytime due to the influx of transient of employees and other visitors of the central business district. The population per square kilometer will also increase between 113,304 and 153,508.

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DISASTER RISK PROFILE

Makati City

•Earthquake

•Flood

•Human-induced fire

•Public health disasters

•Other human-induced hazards

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Ground rupture

Landslide

Ground shaking

Liquefaction

Flood

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Ground rupture

Landslide

Ground shaking

Liquefaction

Discuss this as we always would:

Ground Rupture - The city is transected by the West Valley Fault by approximately 3.63 kilometers making it prone to ground rupture

Landslide – The six (6) barangays located along the West Valley Fault are likely to experience landslide during earthquake and heavy rains.

Ground Shaking – According to the Metro Manila Earthquake Impact Reduction Study (MMEIRS), Makati will experience an Intensity 8 ground shaking in a 7.2 magnitude earthquake

Liquefaction – Almost 30 percent of the City’s total land area is prone to liquefaction. 25 of the 33 barangays are prone to liquefaction. These barangays are located at the fringes of the city where rivers and creeks are flowing.

Flood – Makati due to the bodies of water bounding it such as the Pasig River, Tripa de Gallina Creek and Maricaban Creek and its relatively flat topography, generally exposed to flooding

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EARTHQUAKE

A weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface.

Types:

•Tectonic

•Volcanic

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EARTHQUAKE

A weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface.

Types of Natural Earthquakes:

Source: National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, https://www.nps.gov/features/yell/ofvec/exhibits/eruption/earthquakes/index.htm

Tectonic

Volcanic

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EARTHQUAKE

Faults

•Strike-slip

•Normal

•Thrust or reverse

Location:

•Focus

•Epicenter

Types:

Source: Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology

Source: PHIVOLCS

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Source: PHIVOLCS

Normal fault

Strike-slip fault

Thrust or reverse fault

Source: PHIVOLCS

Source: Structural Geology Blog, Wordpress

Strike-slip fault: Aerial shot of the rice paddy dikes (“pilapil) in Imugan, Nueva Vizcaya, was displaced left-laterally by the ground rupture of the 1990 Northern Luzon Earthquake. (nagkaroon ng mahabang crack dahil sa paggalaw ng fault that is more than 120 km in length, kasinghaba ng NLEX).

Normal fault: This picture shows a normal fault near Zanjan, Iran (https://structuralgeo.wordpress.com/2013/07/18/normal-faults-graben-restoration/)

Thrust or reverse fault: The fault on the sports field of the Guangfu Junior High School. Ruins are preserved at the 921 Earthquake Museum of Taiwan. (https://spectralcodex.com/921-earthquake-museum/).

Taiwan earthquake of 1999, also called 1999 Chi Chi earthquake, earthquake that began at 1:47 AM local time on Sept. 21, 1999. The magnitude of the main shock was 7.7. (https://www.britannica.com/event/Taiwan-earthquake-of-1999)

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EARTHQUAKE

Faults

•Strike-slip

•Normal

•Thrust or reverse

Location:

•Focus

•Epicenter

Types:

Strike-slip

Normal

Thrust or reverse

Source: National Weather Service, https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/plates_max

Source: U.S. Geological Survey, https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/science/science-earthquakes?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

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EARTHQUAKE

Strength of an

earthquake

Magnitude

Intensity

Source: PHIVOLCS

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HAZARDS INDUCED BY EARTHQUAKE

Ground rupture

Source: PHIVOLCS

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HAZARDS INDUCED BY EARTHQUAKE

Ground rupture

A ground rupture in Barangay Gahit, Catangaingan, Masbate, brought about by Magnitude 6.6 Masbate earthquake on August 18, 2020. Source: PHIVOLCS, https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/10479-ground-rupture-of-the-2020-magnitude-6-6-masbate-earthquake.

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HAZARDS INDUCED BY EARTHQUAKE

Ground shaking

Video 3: Earthquake shaking seen in Ridgecrest Home's (CA, USA) surveillance videos, YouTube video, 1:25, posted by KTLA 5, July 7, 2019, https://youtu.be/ZjtpldwveGA.

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Video 4: Fires rage after Japan quake, YouTube video, 2:00, posted by ABC News (Australia), March 12, 2011, https://youtu.be/tqky_w45Wi0.

HAZARDS INDUCED BY EARTHQUAKE

Fire after an earthquake

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HAZARDS INDUCED BY EARTHQUAKE

Landslide

Landslides in the mountains of Barangay Buhay in Makilala, North Cotabato, in 2019. Source: MindaNews, November 1, 2019, https://www.mindanews.com/photo-of-the-day/2019/11/102980/.

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THE WEST VALLEY FAULT (WVF) IN MAKATI CITY

Length of fault: 3.63 km

Barangays transected by WVF:

•Comembo

•East Rembo

•Pembo

•Rizal

Source: PHIVOLCS

Note: From “quadrant”, the MMDRRMC agreed to use the term “sector.”

Projected sectoral assignments for all Metro Manila LGUs:

Sector Expected Isolation of LGUs

East Pasig, Marikina

West Manila, San Juan, Mandaluyong

North 1 Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela

North 2 Quezon City

South 1 Las Piñas, Muntinlupa, Paranaque, Pasay

South 2 Taguig, Makati, Pateros

Source: Harmonized National Contingency Plan for the Magnitude 7.2 Earthquake

Then, intro to:

The 4 barangays in Makati that are transected by the West Valley Fault.

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THE WEST VALLEY FAULT (WVF) IN MAKATI CITY

Length of fault: 3.63 km

Barangays transected by WVF:

•Comembo

•East Rembo

•Pembo

•Rizal

Source: PHIVOLCS

Note: You may mention here the North quadrant include Quezon City, Caloocan, Valenzuela, San Juan, and Mandaluyong; East quadrant include Pasig City, and Marikina; West quadrant include Manila, Malabon, and Navotas; South quadrant include Las Piñas, Makati, Muntinlupa, Parañaque, Pateros, Taguig, and Pasay

West – Intramuros Golf Course

North – VMMC

South – Villamor Airbase

East – LRT Santolan

From “quadrant”, the MMDRRMC agreed to use the term “sector.”

Projected sectoral assignments for all Metro Manila LGUs:

Sector Expected Isolation of LGUs

East Pasig, Marikina

West Manila, San Juan, Mandaluyong

North 1 Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela

North 2 Quezon City

South 1 Las Piñas, Muntinlupa, Paranaque, Pasay

South 2 Taguig, Makati, Pateros

Source: Harmonized National Contingency Plan for the Magnitude 7.2 Earthquake

Then, intro to:

The 4 barangays in Makati that are transected by the West Valley Fault.

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Makati DRRMO/TRAINING SECTION

THE WEST VALLEY FAULT (WVF) IN MAKATI CITY

Barangay East Rembo

Source: PHIVOLCS

Barangay Comembo

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THE WEST VALLEY FAULT (WVF) IN MAKATI CITY

Barangay Pembo

Source: PHIVOLCS

Barangay Rizal

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IMPACTS

Something to think about:

What do you think are the impacts that earthquake may cause to human lives, public health, economy, physical structures, etc., in the event that the “Big One” happens?

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Menti Activity�Impacts of Earthquake��To answer, go to menti.com and enter the code:�4174 0300��Or scan the QR code:�

EFFORTS AND INITIATIVES OF THE NATIONAL AND LOCAL

PHIVOLCS

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EFFORTS AND INITIATIVES OF THE NATIONAL AND LOCAL

MAKATI CITY

Initiatives of the local government of Makati: Highlight here the initiatives of the city when it comes to awareness, prevention and capacity building. You may briefly discuss the examples in the photos above.

•City-wide coverage: barangays, family and community, businesses, schools, vulnerable sectors

•Makati DRRM Institutional Framework

•Network of Partner Cities and Organizations in the Philippines and Abroad

•Plans (Makati DRRM Plan, Makati Pre-Disaster Recovery Plan, Contingency Plan for Earthquake, Contingency Plan for Hydrometeorological Hazards

•WVF Interventions, REDAS, Early Warning System Project, Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment, Capacity Building and Development Program, GO Bags, Makati DRRM Academy, C3 Sector Enhancement Services Project, Mobile Services for Makati

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Video 6: Disaster Preparedness PSA, Youtube video, 0:30, posted by MiamiDadeTV, July 21, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMF4tDaJJXo

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ARE YOU PREPARED?

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

Hazards in your area

HazardHunterPH: https://hazardhunter.georisk.gov.ph
Fault Finder: http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/

Makati DRRMO/TRAINING SECTION

KNOW

Fire extinguishers, first aid kits, and fire alarms, exit routes, and temporary holding areas for evacuation

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

Hazards in your area

HazardHunterPH: https://hazardhunter.georisk.gov.ph
Fault Finder: http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/
Makati Atlas

https://www.makati.gov.ph/content/downloads/2/965

Makati DRRM Plan 2019-2030

https://www.makati.gov.ph/content/downloads/2/1521

Fire extinguishers, first aid kits, fire alarms, exit routes, and temporary holding areas for evacuation

Know

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

Get updates/information

facebook.com/MyMakatiVerified

facebook.com/makatidrrmoffice

facebook.com/PHIVOLCS

facebook.com/PAGASA.DOST.GOV.PH

twitter.com/phivolcs_dost

twitter.com/dost_pagasa

Register to ID systems

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

Plan

Contingency plan
Service continuity plan
Evacuation plan
Family preparedness plan

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

Family Preparedness Plan

Guide questions:

•How will I receive emergency alerts

and warnings?

•What is my shelter plan?

•What is my evacuation route?

•What is my family/household communication

plan?

•Do I need to update my emergency preparedness kit?

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

Crafting the Family Preparedness Plan

1. Assign a schedule for meeting.

2. Regularly review and update information about the family members.

3. Discuss the roles of each family member during disaster. Roles should be defined per hazard.

4. Identify places where the family members can evacuate during disaster.

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

5. Identify the friends/relatives who can be contacted during emergency.

6. Identify meeting place during and after an event in case family members get separated.

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

7. Map the evacuation routes and meeting places identified.

8. Prepare individual Emergency Go Bag and first aid kit.

First aid kit

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

9. Discuss and settle all the other matters that may concern the family during any disaster.

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

Video 7: What’s in your Go Bag?, DRRM Edition, Facebook video, 1:25, posted by the Makati DRRM Office, July 14, 2021.

Prepare

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

72-hour Emergency Go Bag

First aid
Food and water
Protection
Hygiene
Tools and others

Prepare

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

Participate and practice

Capacity-building activities
Drills and simulation exercises

Organize

Quick Response Team
Accredited community disaster volunteer groups

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

For children

Teach children how and when to call for help.
Help them memorize important family information.
They should also know where to meet in case of an emergency.
Some children may not be old enough to memorize the information. They could carry a small index card that lists emergency information to give to an adult or babysitter.

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

For elderly and persons with disabilities

The needs of older people often are similar to those of persons with disabilities.
People with disabilities often need more time than others to prepare for an emergency.
People who are blind or partially sighted
People with impaired mobility

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THINGS TO DO BEFORE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

For elderly and persons with disabilities

People with hearing limitations
People with intellectual, developmental, and psychological limitations
People with respiratory illnesses
People with epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and other conditions

Because disaster warnings are often given by audible means such as sirens and radio announcements, people who are deaf or hard of hearing may not receive early disaster warnings and emergency instructions. Be their source of emergency information as it comes over the radio or television.

Some people with intellectual, developmental and psychological limitations may be unable to understand the emergency and could become disoriented or confused about the proper way to react.

Many respiratory illnesses can be aggravated by stress. In an emergency, oxygen and respiratory equipment may not be readily available.

People with epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and other conditions often have very individualized medication regimes that cannot be interrupted without serious consequences. Some may be unable to communicate this information in an emergency.

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EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS MEASURES (BEFORE)

Identify safe and unsafe areas.
Assess your building or house.

Breakable items, harmful chemicals, flammable materials should be in lowermost shelves.

SECURE, STRAP, BOLT

✔

X

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EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS MEASURES (DURING)

Remain inside if the house or building is structurally sound.

Stay calm. Do not panic but remain alert.

Source: Residential Design and Construction Guidelines: Handbook for Disaster-Resistant Houses.

Drop, cover, and hold.

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Video 8: DOST Undersecretary and PHIVOLCS OIC Renato Solidum demonstrates how to duck, cover, and hold in case of an earthquake, Youtube video, 0:56, posted by Rappler, July 14, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0h7m5xKYvU.

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EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS MEASURES (DURING)

Turn face down.

Cover head and neck with a pillow.

Press all the floor buttons.

Get off at the nearest floor.

Check the situation.

Take action.

Press the "emergency call button".

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EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS MEASURES (DURING)

Move to a clear area.

Drop, cover, and hold.

Pull over to the side of the road.

Stop.

Set the parking brake.

Source: https://visor.ph/wisdom/youre-in-the-car-and-an-earthquake-hits/, illustration by Khat De Guzman.

Source: Freepik.com

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THINGS TO DO AFTER THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

Check yourself and others for injuries.�Make a headcount.

Use the stairs instead of the elevator.

If trapped,

Send a text or bang on a pipe or wall.

Use a whistle.

Cover mouth with shirt if fumes are detected.

✔

X

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THINGS TO DO AFTER THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

Check for damages.

Stay out of damaged structures or areas.

Turn on the radio. Monitor the news.

Do not use the phone unless it is for emergency purposes.

Proceed to the designated holding area or evacuation site with your 72-hour Emergency Go Bag.

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THINGS TO DO AFTER THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS AND/OR DISASTERS

Check for other hazards

that may happen after in

your area.

Call for help and help others.

Cooperate with authorities.

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Menti Activity�How prepared are you?��To answer, go to menti.com and enter the code:�3902 3510��Or scan the QR code:�

Resilience is everybody’s business!

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Do you want to know more?

Contact Makati DRRMO

For training requests:

Training Section | 8870-1461

Research and Planning Division | 8870-1191

For research- and planning-related information:

Dial 168 or 8236-5790 or use the Makatizen App

In case of emergency:

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POST TRAINING EVALUATION

SCAN ME

OR GO TO THIS LINK

https://forms.gle/QjQw3ptuAzZ1GTre8

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