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“Blood Transfusion in Cattle and Dog”

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Department of Veterinary Medicine

Bihar Veterinary College, Patna

(Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna)

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By

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Dr. Pallav Shekhar

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Dr. Vivek Kumar Singh

Unit-2

Introduction:

• Blood is a fluid connecting tissue consist of a fluid medium with suspended cellular constituents [WBC & RBC]

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• Its main function is to supply oxygen, essential nutrients, enzymes, hormones, water & electrolytes.

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• It provides buffering system to the living tissue.

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• It neurone the metabolic waste product as the 1^st stage of there elimination from the body.

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Blood Group

Indication

 Blood transfusion done is several cases like

• Anaemia

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• Trauma

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• Coagulopathies

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• Platelet disorder

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• Epistaxis
• Spleenic rupture

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• Gastrointestinal haemorrhage.

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Criteria

• The parameter suggesting the need for blood transfusion include decrease

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• Hemoglobin (<7g/dl)

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• Decrease PCV (<20%)

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• Decrease plasma protein concentration (<3.5g/dl),

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Donor Criteria - Dog

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• Dog with minimum 25 kg wt.
• Age 1-8years
• PCV of donar around 40%.
• Must be vaccinated
• Must be free from blood parasite

Cattle and Horses

• The Blood donor animals should be:-

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• Healthy Young adult with good body condition & good body size.

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• Free from blood borne dis. viz. Equine infection anaemia (horse), Bovine leucosis complex, anaplasmosis (cattle).

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• Donor animal should never receive blood transfusion.

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• No history of receiving blood-based vaccine eg anaplasmosis vaccine in cattle.

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Blood Collection

• Restrain the Donor animal with sedation or anaesthesia.

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• Puncture into the jugular Vein is method of choice using a 4-18 gauge needle.

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• Collection can be from both jugular veins.

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• A choke rope to increase the venous blood pressure facilitates blood collection in cattle.

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• Collection and storage of blood should be done aseptically.

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• Collect less than 25% of a donor animal’s blood or 10-15ml blood/kg body wt. can be drawn off at 1 time without danger.

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Blood Collection….

Cross Matching Technique

• The RBC surface have antigen which may react with Antibodies in Plasma of other animals.
• RBC lysis or agglutination of RBC or both but
• Natural occurring Antibodies are rare in animals as in man thus it is safe to give first blood transfusion without cross matching.

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• There are two types of cross matching:-
• Major cross match Technique.

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• Minor cross match Technique

• Collect 2ml blood from donor and recipient in test tube having anticoagulant EDTA or citrate.
• Centrifuge the tube and collect plasma in separate tube.
• Wash the donor and recipient RBC 3 times with 0.9% normal saline solution.
• Centrifuge after each washing.
• Prepare 3-4% washed cell suspension of donor and recipient RBC in normal saline, percentage is not critical

• Major cross match consist of combining equal vol. two drop of donor RBC suspension and recipient plasma mixed in equal quantity.
• Minor cross match consist of combining equal vol. two drop of donor plasma and necipient red cell suspension.
• This is reverse of major cross match.
• This method is important only in species with naturally occurring iso antibodies or if the donor has been previously transfused or in more previously pregnant.

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Matching and Cross matching test before Blood Transfusion

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Blood Volume required

Ruminant, Blood lost (litre) =

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• [Normal PCV – Patient PCV] x 0.08 x Body wt.

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Normal PCV

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Feline, Vol. of blood to transfuse (ml)=

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• Body wt (kg) x Desired increased in Hb x 70

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Donor Hb

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Canine, Vol. of blood to transfuse (ml)=

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• Body wt (kg) x 90 x (Desired PCV – Patient PCV)

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Donor PCV

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Rate of Blood Transfusion�

• The blood should be transfused at slow rate (0.25ml/kg/h) for the 1^st 15 min & then animals monitored for adverse reaction.
• Whole blood frequently is not the ideal product to be administered in all situation.
• If O2 carrying capacity is reduced => only RBC
• Replacement of circulatory vol. => Crystalloid or colloid solution.
• Coagulopathy disorder => Fresh & frozen plasma
• Thrombocytopenia => Platelets.

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Risk of Blood Transfusion�

• Restlessness,
• Sweating,
• Hiccuph
• Tachycardia,
• Tachypnoea
• & dyspnoea.
• Tympany in ruminants
• Salivation
• Vomition
• Horses are highly susceptible
• Risk is much greater with transfusion & reaction usually is evident within 1^st few min of administration.

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• Epinephrine (1:1000) @ 50ml/450kg B.wt. S/C or I/M route.

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• Rapid acting corticosteroid

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• Prednisolone sodium @ 0.5 - 1 mg/kg Body wt. I/m

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• Dexamethasone @ 0.5 – 0.1 mg/kg Body wt. I/V

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Disadvantages

• Acute haemolysis

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• Sepsis from contaminated Blood

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• Hypocalcaemia from too much citrate and hypervolemia

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• Urticaria fever or vomition are seen occasionally spread of disease may occur from donor to recipient such as anaplasma, babesia.

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• Retrovirus (feline or bovine leukaemia, equine infections anaemia) and some rickettsial & bacterial disease.

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Thank You

2002

2007

2007