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Bibionidae - US/Canada (in development)

Authors: Even Dankowicz

Last updated: April 2021

Help identify observations on iNaturalist:

https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/identify?taxon_id=56097&place_id=6712,1

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Bibio vestitus, MA, © Even Dankowicz / CC-BY

Plecia nearctica, FL, © Katja Schultz, iNaturalist / CC-BY

br

R4 oblique

R5

R4+5 fused

bm

bm ends before br

br

bm ends after br

bm

bm ends after br

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Dilophus sp., DC, © Katja Schultz, iNaturalist / CC-BY

Fore tibia with

2-3 rows of spines

Anterior thorax with

2 rows of spines

Bibio articulatus, DC, © Katja Schultz, iNaturalist / CC-BY

Fore tibia with

2 spurs

Anterior thorax

unadorned

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Bibionidae of United States, Canada

	Hesperinus	Penthetria	Plecia	Bibio	Bibiodes	Dilophus
Cell bm exceeds cell br?	no	no	no	yes	yes	yes
Fore tibiae	simple	simple	simple	spurred	spurred	rows of spines
R4, R5 emerge from which cell?	Cell br	Cell br	Cell br	Cell br	Cell bm	Cell br
Fore tibia, femur with ventral tubercles?	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent
Vein R4 vs R5	oblique	Elongate, subparallel	oblique	fused	fused	fused
antennae	filiform	compact	compact	compact	compact	compact
Anterior Dorsal Thorax	Lacking spines	Lacking spines	Lacking spines	Lacking spines	Lacking spines	Two rows of spines

Hesperinus, which closely resembles Plecia, is today usually placed in its own family, Hesperinidae.

A key to genera is below. Some species have distinctive coloring, allowing you to skip ahead.

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Hesperinus brevifrons

Northern and throughout Rocky Mountains

See image here

Penthetria

Different species are only distinguished microscopically.

P. heteroptera, VT, © Jason Michael Crockwell, iNaturalist / CC-BY-NC-ND


P. heteroptera	East of the rocky mountains south of coniferous forest from SK to CO, east to NS and FL - replaces yakima in mountains of central Colorado
P. yakima	WY to British Columbia; in Canada east to Saskatchewan and Hudson Bay in Northern Ontario in and near areas of coniferous forest
P. arizonensis	Southeast Arizona

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Plecia

		lateral thorax, wing bases
P. americana	Southeastern	Red
P. nearctica	Eastern	Black

P. nearctica, TX, © Chuck Sexton, iNaturalist / CC-BY-NC

P. americana, VA, © Jason Michael Crockwell, iNaturalist / CC-BY-NC-ND

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Bibio

Because of the difficulty of identification of the numerous Bibio spp., the have split them up in a variety of ways.

The following slides contain diagnostics by sex and then morphology. Most of the descriptions are taken from Hardy 1945, and are sometimes difficult to interpret.

If possible, take these shortcuts first:

Three species are known to fly from Sept to Dec:

Only three species have the r-m crossvein 1/3 the basal Rs vein (Fitzgerald 1998):

		Male body pile	Female thorax	Legs
B. longipes	widespread	Pale	Orange, occasionally black-striped	Orange in F, black in M
B. slossonae	widespread	Darker	Dark	Orange in F, dark red to black in M
B. autumnalis	UT, CO	Yellow-red	Orange, black-striped, smaller than above	Tibiae orange, femora mostly darker
B. rufipes	widespread	head large	black	Femora orange, tibiae darker

		Male body pile	Legs	Inner protibial spur
B. albipennis	East of rockies	Mostly pale	black	short
B. tristis	AZ to KS	Yellow to black	red	short
B. necotus	CA to WA	black	black	very long

r-m crossvein

Bibio vestitus, MA, © Even Dankowicz / CC-BY

basal Rs vein

Hardy 1945 has a key to males and females of Bibio; this can sometimes be helpful: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2994849#page/456/mode/2up

Many Bibio names have been synonymized since Hardy 1945 as listed here: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nyMZupKjPm_VQD4C0u16Q966Nn8HOG_o/view

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Bibio (males)

Male eyes take up 100% of the head

Ambiguous or mixed leg colors key out both ways:

Males	Scutum	Femora	Tibiae
Group 4	Black	Black	Black
Group 5	Black	Orange	Black
Group 6	Black	Orange	Orange
Group 7	Black	Black	orange

Males unknown:
B. lobatus	CA

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Bibio (males) 4

Scutum	Femora	Tibiae
Black	Black	Black

		Wings	Inner protibial spur	Leg notes
B. albipennis	widespread	Whitish hyaline to dusky fumose	¼ outer	Legs occasionally “reddish-black”
B. superfluus	Southeastern	Dusky fumose to smoky black	1/3 outer	*** hind basitarsus slender
B. criorhinus	AZ near MX		-	Hind tibiae orange
B. longipes	Widespread	Hyaline to slightly yellowed	¼ outer	Fall-flying
B. mickeli	Western	Hyaline	Long	Tibiae black, sometimes red-tinged
B. necotus	West coast	Hyaline	¾ outer	Tibiae slightly red-tinged
B. neojacobi	BC	Yellow-brown fumose	long	Tibial bases yellowed
B. vestitus	Northern	Hyaline	long	Mid and hind tibiae orange
B. pingreensis	UT, CO	Whitish to grayish hyaline	1/3 outer	Middle, hind tibiae yellow/brown
B. rufithorax	Southeastern	Brwn antr, yellw pstr fumose	1/3 outer	***HIND BASITARSUS SWOLLEN
B. sericatus	BC	Slightly yellow fumose	¼ outer
B. similis	UT, CO	hyaline	¼ outer
B. slossonae	Widespread	Yellow fumose to yell hyalin	¼ outer	Legs dark redbrown to black Fall-flying
B. tenellus	AK	Dark yellow fumose	¼ outer	Tibiae extensively yellow
B. velcidus	ON	Slightly yellow fumose	¾ outer	Legs somewhat brown

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Bibio (males) 5

Scutum	Femora	Tibiae
Black	Orange	Black

		Wings	Inner protibial spur	Leg notes
B. abbreviatus	Eastern	Hyaline; posterior veins hyaline	Long	Middle and hind legs entirely orange
B. alienus	Eastern	Hyaline	¼ outer	Hind legs entirely orange
B. femoratus	Widespread	Hyaline to pale yellow fumose	Long
B. rufipes	Widespread	Yellowish fumose	½ to ¾ outer	Tibiae brown to black
B. holtii	Western	Dusky or yellow fumose	¼ outer
B. tenellus	AK	Dark yellow fumose	¼ outer	Femora dark; mid, hind tibiae yellow

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Bibio (males) 6

Scutum	Femora	Tibiae
Black	Orange	Orange

		Wings	Inner foretibial spur	Hind basitarsi	Notes
B. abbreviatus	Eastern, GA to SD	Hyaline; posterior veins hyaline	long	Short and thick	Front tibiae black; yellow to black thoracic pile
B. rufipes	widespread - CO, NC, BC	Yellow fumose	Long	Swollen, cylindrical	Tibiae orange to black
B. articulatus	East of UT	Hyaline to yellow fumose	Long	Slender, very narrow
B. vestitus	Northern	Hyaline	Long	slender, not as narrow	Mid, hind femora usually black, at least basally dark
B. xanthopus	Widespread	Hyaline to yellow fumose	½ to ¾ outer; sometines Long?	Slender, not as narrow
B. striatipes (=conus	MB	R-m crossvein ½ basal Rs	½ outer	Slender	Front and middle femora black
B. inaequalis	Northern	Brownish-yellow fumose	½ outer	swollen	Yellow thoracic pile
B. bryanti	Northern	Hyaline	½ outer	swollen	Black thoracic pile
B. carri	AB	Hyaline, slightly yellowed	½ outer	slender
B. alexanderi	Widespread	Dusky hyaline to yellow fumose	½ outer	Slender
B. brunnipes (=neojacobi)	Northern	Slightly yellowish fumose	¼ outer	?	Thorax with much pile
B. townesi	Northeast	Hyaline, slight yellowish; r-m slightly longer than Rs	¼ outer	swollen	Thorax mostly glabrous
B. alienus	Eastern	Hyaline to yellow fumose	¼ outer	Slender	Thorax with long pile; Fore and middle tibia orange to black
B. atripilosus	UT, CO	Hyaline	¼ outer	Slender	Femora sub-apically black
B. cognatus	CA		¼ outer
B. fluginatus	BC	Yellow fumose	¼ outer	swollen
B. tristis	AZ to KS	Dusky hyaline	¼ outer	Slender	Legs red to brown

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Bibio (males) 7

Scutum	Femora	Tibiae
Black	Black	Orange

		Wings	Inner foretibial spur	Leg notes
B. mickeli	Western	Hyaline	Long	Tibiae black, sometimes red-tinged
B. brunnipes (=neojacobi)	BC	Yellow-brown fumose	⅓ outer	In this form, femur apex brown
B. vestitus	Widespread	hyaline	Long	Legs black to red
B. (striatipes (=conus	MB		½ outer	Hind femora orange
B. bryanti	Northern	Hyaline	½ outer
B. pingreensis	UT, CO	Whitish to grayish hyaline	1/3 outer	Middle, hind tibiae yellow/brown
B. atripilosus	Western	Hyaline to yellow fumose	¼ outer	Femora may be apically orang
B. tristis	AZ to KS	Mostly hyaline	¼ outer	Legs red to brown
B. flukei	CO, UT	Yellow fumose	¼ outer	Middle, hind femora basally lighter; emerges in August
B. autumnalis	CO, UT	Yellow fumose	¼ outer	Middle, hind femora basally lighter; emerges Sept-Oct,
B. siebkei	Far North down to CO	hyaline	¼ outer
B. monstri	UT, CO	Hyaline, slightly yellow	¼ outer

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Bibio (females)

Females have small eyes.

Ambiguous or mixed leg colors key out both ways:

Females	Scutum	Femora	Tibiae
Group 1	Orange	Black	Black
Group 2	Orange	Orange	Black
Group 3	Orange	Orange	Orange
Group 4	Black	Black	Black
Group 5	Black	Orange	Black
Group 6	Black	Orange	Orange
Group 7	Black	Black	Orange

Females unknown:
B. atripilosus	UT, CO
B. cognatus	CA
B. criorhinus	Southwestern
B. fluginatus	BC
B. pingreensis	UT, CO
B. similis	UT, CO
B. tenellus	AK

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Bibio (females) 1

Scutum	Femora	Tibiae
Orange	Black	Black

		Face	Length of head behind eyes	Wings	Scutellum
B. superfluus	Southeastern	Centrally tuberculate	Longer than length of eyes	Dusky fumose	Red
B. rufithorax	Southeastern	Not tuberculate	Shorter than length of eyes	Dusky fumose	Black

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Bibio (females) 2

Scutum	Femora	Tibiae
Orange	Orange	Black

		Wings
B. alienus	Eastern	Hyaline to dusky fumose

B. alienus, TX, © Mike Quinn, BugGuide / CC-BY-ND-NC

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Bibio (females) 3

Scutum	Femora	Tibiae
Orange	Orange	Orange

		Wings	Inner foretibial spur	thorax	abdomen	notes
B. conus	MB	Yellow fumose	½ outer	Dorsally yellowed, laterally yellow-tinged	Black
B. articulatus	East of UT	Yellow to yellow-brown fumose	Long	Dorsally red, lateral darker	Black
B. brunnipes	Northern	Dark yellow-brown fumose	1/3 outer	Dorsally red, laterally dark	Black
B. alexanderi	widespread	Slightly dusky fumose	½ to ¼ outer	More or less entirely red	Black	Thorax variably black to orange
B. longipes	Widespread	Yellow fumose	¼ outer	Entirely red	black	Fall-flying
B. alienus	Southeastern	Hyaline to dark fumose	¼ outer	Entirely red	Black to reddish	Front tibiae orange to black
B. inaequalis	Northern	Yellow fumose	½ outer	Entirely red	Reddish	7-8.5 mm wing length
B. townesi	Northeast	Yellow fumose	1/3 outer	Entirely red	Reddish	5-6mm wing length

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Bibio (females) 4

Scutum	Femora	Tibiae
Black	Black	Black

		Wings	Inner foretibial spur	Leg notes
B. albipennis	widespread	Whitish hyaline to dusky fumose	¼ outer
B. vestitus	Western	Yellow-brown fumose	Long	Tibiae black, sometimes red-tinged
B. necotus	West coast	Hyaline	Long	Tibiae slightly red-tinged

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Bibio (females) 5

Scutum	Femora	Tibiae
Black	Orange	Black

		Wings	Inner foretibial spur	Leg notes
B. vestitus	Widespread	Dusky hyaline to smoky black	long	Procoxae red; meso- and metafemora reddish
B. abbreviatus	Eastern	Pale yellow fumose	long	Middle and hind tibiae orange
B. femoratus	widespread	Yellow-brown fumose to smoky black	long	Procoxae dark
B. holtii	Western	Dark yellow fumose	¼ outer
B. tristis	AZ to KS	Dusky hyaline	¼ outer	Legs red to brown
B. rufipes	Widespread	Yellowish fumose	½ to ¾ outer

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Bibio (females) 6

Scutum	Femora	Tibiae
Black	Orange	Orange

		Wings	Inner foretibial spur	Group notes
B. abbreviatus	Eastern, GA to SD	Pale yellow fumose	Long	Front tibiae black, except sometimes at base
B. vestitus	Widespread	Dusky hyaline to yellow fumose or smoky black	long	Antenna shorter than xanthopus, thorax may be reddish tinged; front tibia often dark
B. xanthopus	Widespread	Darker fumose, posterior veins dark	½ to ¾ outer	Antennae longer than vestitus
B. bryanti	Northern	Hyaline, posterior veins not darker than membrane	½ outer
B. carri	AB	Hyaline, yellowed, pstrir veins dark	½ outer
B. tristis	AZ to KS	Dusky hyaline to dark fumose	¼ outer	Legs red to brown
B. flukei	CO, UT	Yellow fumose	¼ outer	Femora brownish; emerges in August
B. autumnalis	CO, UT	Yellow fumose	¼ outer	Femora brownish; emerges Sept-Oct
B. alexanderi	widespread	Dusky hyaline to yellow fumose	½ to ¼ outer
B. lobatus	CA	Slightly yellow fumose	¼ outer
B. monstri	UT, CO	Yellow fumose	¼ outer
B. atripilosus	CO to BC	Hyaline to yellow fumose	¼ outer
B. sericatus	BC	Slightly yellow fumose	¼ outer
B. slossonae	Widespread	Yellow fumose to yell hyalin	¼ outer	Fall-flying
B. siebkei	Far North down to CO		¼ outer

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Bibio (females) 7

Scutum	Femora	Tibiae
Black	Black	Orange

		Wings	Leg notes
B. nigritus	Northern	Hyaline
B. vestitus	Western	Yellow-brown fumose	Tibiae black, sometimes red-tinged

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Bibiodes

Black, hyaline wings, small-bodied

Simplified and reproduced from Hardy 1945 p. 494:

		Femora	Halteres
B. femorata	TX to TN	Conspicuously swollen	brownish
B. halteralis	CA to NM, SK	More typical	Yellow
B. aestiva	BC to UT	More typical	Dark

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Dilophus - males

MALES		Protibial rows of spines	Rostrum (lower face)	Thorax	Legs	Leg and body setae	Wings
D. tingi	S CA	3 , top with 2 and middle with 3	longer than antennae	black	black			costa ends shortly after R5
D. spinipes	widespread	3, top with 3 and middle with 4	longer than antennae	mostly reddish				costa ends halfway between R5 and M1
D. serotinus	widespread	2	much shorter than antennae				dusky to black
D. stigmaterus	widespread	2	~ as long as antennae				mostly hyaline
D. arizonaensis	NV, AZ, NM	2	much shorter than antennae		yellow-orange, including coxae		mostly hyaline
D. orbatus	Southern	2	“ “ “ “		darker, coxae always dark	black	mostly hyaline
D. occipitalis (=oklahomensis)	Southern	2	“ “ “ “		“ “ “ “	pale	mostly hyaline
D. tibialis (=breviceps)	widespread	2	“ “ “ “		“ “ “ “	pale	mostly hyaline
D. proximus	CO, WY	2	“ “ “ “		“ “ “ “	pale	mostly hyaline
D. strigilatus	OR, CA	2	“ “ “ “		“ “ “ “	pale	mostly hyaline
D. sectus	NH	2	“ “ “ “		“ “ “ “	pale	mostly hyaline
D. emarginata	CA	2	“ “ “ “		“ “ “ “	pale	mostly hyaline
D. caurinus	widespread	2	“ “ “ “		“ “ “ “	pale	mostly hyaline
D. jamesi	widespread	2	“ “ “ “		“ “ “ “	pale	mostly hyaline
D. obesulus	widespread	2	“ “ “ “		“ “ “ “	pale	mostly hyaline
D. fulvicoxus	NY, 1 record	2	“ “ “ “		“ “ “ “	pale		male unknown

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Dilophus - females

FEMALES		Protibial rows of spines	Rostrum (lower face)	Thorax	Femora	Tibiae	Wings
D. tingi	S CA	3 , top with 2 and middle with 3	longer than antennae	black			mostly hyaline	costa ends shortly after R5
D. spinipes	widespread	3, top with 3 and middle with 4	longer than antennae	entirely reddish			yellow-brown to dusky black	costa ends halfway between R5 and M1
D. orbatus	Southern	2	much shorter than antennae	Black	brown to black	brown to black	dusky to black
D. serotinus	widespread	2	“ “ “ “	Reddish	coxae+femora reddish	brown to black	dusky to black
D. stigmaterus	widespread	2	~ as long as antennae	reddish or black			mostly hyaline
D. arizonaensis	NV, AZ, NM	2	much shorter than antennae	reddish	yellow-orange	yellow-orange	mostly hyaline
D. occipitalis (=oklahomensis)	Southern	2; upper comb with large broad teeth	“ “ “ “	reddish; sides of thorax entirely reddish		brownish, darker	mostly hyaline	12-16 smaller prothoracic teeth; comb not elevated
D. tibialis (=breviceps) *tibialis is black thorax, breviceps is reddish	widespread	2; upper comb with smaller teeth	“ “ “ “	reddish to black with reddish humeri	all yellow-orange	brownish, darker	mostly hyaline	“” “” “”
D. strigilatus	OR, CA	2	“ “ “ “	reddish		brownish, darker	mostly hyaline	7-10 thickened prothoracic teeth; comb elevated
D. proximus	CO, WY	2	“ “ “ “	mostly black	all yellow-orange	brownish, darker	mostly hyaline	12-16 smaller prothoracic teeth; comb not elevated
D. sectus	NH	2	“ “ “ “	black with reddish humeri	all yellow-orange	brownish, darker	mostly hyaline	“” “” “”
D. emarginata	CA	2	“ “ “ “	mostly black	fore femora lighter, middle and hind darker	brownish, darker	mostly hyaline	“” “” “”
D. caurinus	widespread	2	“ “ “ “	black with reddish humeri	all yellow-orange	brownish, darker	mostly hyaline	“” “” “”
D. jamesi ( is synonym of obesulus according to http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/be12-179.pdf	widespread	2	“ “ “ “	entirely black	all yellow-orange	brownish, darker	mostly hyaline	“” “” “”
D. obesulus	widespread	2	“ “ “ “	black with reddish humeri	all yellow-orange	brownish, darker	mostly hyaline	“” “” “” 10-11 teeth
D. fulvicoxus	NY, 1 record	2	“ “ “ “	mostly black	black except yellow front coxae	black	mostly hyaline	“” “” “”

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Dilophus

		Protibial rows of spines	Rostrum (lower face)	M Thorax	M legs	Wings	F Thorax	F abdomen	F legs
D. tingi	S CA	3 rows 2:3:?	Longer	black	black	Hyaline	Black	Black	Black, protibiae red	Costa ends soon after R5
D. spinipes *longer snout than serotinus	widespread	3 rows 3:4:?	½-3/4 antennae	red	Front, middle femora red, others black	Dusky black to yellow-brown fumose	Red entire	brown	Front, middle femora red, others black	Costa goes 1/2way from R5 to M1
D. stigmaterus	widespread	2 rows	As long as antennae	black	Red to black	Hyaline, yellow in F	Red to black	brown	Yellow-red
D. serotinus	widespread	2 rows	shorter	Black	Black	Dusky to black	Red, darker scutellum	?black	Femora red
D. strigilatus	OR, CA	2 rows	Shorter	Black	Brown-black	Hyaline	Red	black	Femora reddish, tibiae dark	Prothoracic teeth broad, blunt
D. occipitalis	Southern	2 rows	Shorter			hyaline	Red entire	Dark	Femora reddish, tibiae dark	**thoracic combs red ; pprotibial teeth wider than in similar females
D. arizonaensis	NV, AZ, NM	2 rows	Shorter	Black	Yellow to red	yellow fumose	Red entire	reddish	TIBIAE AND FEMORA CONCOLOROUS YELLOW_ORANGE
D. tibialis (=breviceps)	widespread	2 rows	Shorter	black	Red to black	Hyaline in M, yellow fumose in F	Partially red to black	Yellow to black	femora yellow-red, tibiae darker	**thoracic combs black
D. orbatus	Southern	2 rows ?:4:?	Shorter	Brown to black		Hyaline in M, dark in F	Dark	Dark	Dark
D. caurinus	widespread	2 rows	Shorter	black	Black	Hyaline	black	brown	yellow-red femora; tibia dark
D. emarginata	CA	2 rows	Shorter	black	Brown-black	Hyaline	black	Brown-black	Red-brown; mid/hind femora dark
D. fulvicoxus	NY	2 rows	Shorter			Hyaline	black	black	black
D. jamesi	widespread	2 rows	Shorter	black	black	Hyaline, yellowed in F	black	Brown-black	Femora red, tibiae darker
D. obesulus	widespread	2 rows	Shorter	black	black	Hyaline	black	Brown-black	Femora yellow-red, tibiae darker
D. proximus	CO, WY	2 rows	Shorter	Black	black	Hyaline	black	Black	Femora yellow-red, tibiae darker
D. sectus	NH	2 rows	Shorter	Black	Brown-black	Hyaline	black	Brown-black	Femora yellow-red, tibiae darker

Descriptions adapted from Hardy 1945 p. 498, except D. occipitalis from BugGuide:

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Hawaiian Bibionidae

Dilophus occipitalis reported once, establishment unknown

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References

Sources for this entire project include:

BugGuide.net
iNaturalist.org
Steve Marshall - Flies: The Natural History and Diversity of Diptera
Diptera.org
Nearctic Manual of Diptera

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References

Other sources consulted for this specific document include:

Fitzgerald, 2004. Evolution and Classification of Bibionidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha). PhD Dissertation, Oregon State University.
UFL guide to Plecia: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in204
Hardy, 1945. Revision of Nearctic Bibionidae including Neotropical Plecia and Penthetria (Diptera). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin. 30(15): 367-547
Hardy, 1961. The Bibionidae of California. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey. 6(7): 179-196. https://essig.berkeley.edu/documents/cis/cis06_7.pdf
Fitzgerald, 1996. Notes on Nearctic Bibio (Diptera: Bibionidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 98(1): 50-54
Fitzgerald, 1997. Additional Notes on Nearctic Bibio Geoffroy (Diptera: Bibionidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 99(2): 294-304
Fitzgerald, Scott J. 1997. A Revision of Bibio (Diptera: Bibionidae) of Mexico and Central America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 123(4):225-287
Fitzgerald, Skartveit, 1997. Holarctic distributions in the genus Bibio (Diptera: Bibionidae). Entomologica scandinavica. 28(1): 103-119
Fitzgerald, 1998. Reevaluation of unrecognized Nearctic Bibio Geoffroy names (Diptera: Bibionidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 100(2): 252-255
Hardy, 1956. The Walker Types of Bibionidae (Diptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 29(3):85-91
Australasian-Oceanian Diptera Catalog

Penthetria:

Fitzgerald, 2021. Penthetria Meigen (Diptera: Bibionidae): Revision of the New World species and world catalog. Zootaxa 4926(4).