Adding Mass | Water Dams | Koyna Dam, India, MS 6.3, from 1967 |
Erecting Tall Buildings | Taipei 101, Taiwan, M 3.8, from 1998 | |
Coastal Land Gain | Folkestone, UK, ML 4.2, 2007 | |
Removing Mass | Quarrying | Kuzbass, Siberia, M 6.1, 2013 |
Extraction from Subsurface | Groundwater Extraction | Gorkha, Nepal, MW 7.8, 2015 |
Mining | Volkershausen Ernst Thaelmann/Merkers potash mine, Germany, ML 5.6, 1989 | |
Oil & Gas Extraction | Coalinga, California, MW 6.2 1983 | |
Geothermal Production | The Geysers, USA, M 1.5-4, 1960-2013 | |
Injection into the Subsurface | Wastewater Disposal | Denver, Colorado, M 3–4, 1961 - 1967 |
Oil Recovery | Rangely Oilfield, Colorado, ML 3.1, 1969 | |
Enhanced Geothermal Systems | Basel, Switzerland, ML 3.4, 2006 |
MS: Surface Wave Magnitude
M/MW: Moment Magnitude
ML: Richter Local Magnitude
1967 Koyna, India�MS 6.3
2015 Gorkha, Nepal MW 7.8
1983 Coalinga, California MW 6.2
Koyna Dam, India
Coalinga, California Oil Field
Gorkha, Nepal Extraction of Riverbed Materials
Taipei 101 Construction
Folkestone, UK Coastal Land Gain
Bachatsky Coal Mine
Merkers Potash Mine
τ=τ0+μ(σn−p)