Natural Language Processing

By

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S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Sr. Assistant Professor

Dept of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science

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LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

At the end of this session, Student will be able to:

• Apply the verbal phrase and their sub categorizations(Apply-L3)

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Session Outcomes

LBRCE

NLP

• The verb phrase consists of the verb and a number of other constituents.
• In the simple rules we have built so far, these other constituents include NPs and PPs and combinations
• of the two:
• VP → Verb disappear
• VP → Verb NP prefer a morning flight
• VP → Verb NP PP leave Boston in the morning
• VP → Verb PP leaving on Thursday

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Verbal Phrases

LBRCE

NLP

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Sentential Complements

• Many other kinds of constituents can follow the verb, such as an entire embedded sentence.
• These are called sentential complements:

You [VP [V said [S there were two flights that were the cheapest ]]]

You [VP [V said [S you had a two hundred sixty six dollar fare]]

[VP [V Tell] [NP me] [S how to get from the airport in Philadelphia to downtown]]

I [VP [V think [S I would like to take the nine thirty flight]]

Here’s a rule for these:

VP → Verb S

LBRCE

NLP

• Another potential constituent of the VP is another VP. This is often the case for
• verbs like want, would like, try, intend, need:
• I want [VP to fly from Milwaukee to Orlando]
• Hi, I want [VP to arrange three flights]
• Hello, I’m trying [VP to find a flight that goes from Pittsburgh to Denver after
• two p.m.]

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

VP Followed by VP

LBRCE

NLP

• While a verb phrase can have many possible kinds of constituents, not every verb is compatible with every verb phrase.
• For example, the verb want can either be used with an NP complement (I want a flight . . . ), or with an infinitive VP complement (I want to fly to . . . ).
• By contrast, a verb like find cannot take this sort of VP complement.
• (* I found to fly to Dallas).

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S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

LBRCE

NLP

• This idea that verbs are compatible with different kinds of complements is a very old one; traditional grammar distinguishes between transitive TRANSITIVE verbs like find, which INTRANSITIVE take a direct object NP (I found a flight), and intransitive verbs like disappear, which do not (*I disappeared a flight).
• Where traditional grammars subcategorize verbs into these two categories (transitive and intransitive), modern grammars distinguish as many as 100 subcategories.

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

LBRCE

NLP

• We say that a verb like find subcategorizes for an NP, while a verb like want subcategorizes for either an NP or a non-finite VP.
• We also call these constituents the complements of the verb.
• So we say that want can take a VP complement.
• These possible sets of complements are called the subcategorization frame for the verb.
• Another way of talking about the relation between the verb and these other constituents is to think of the verb as a logical predicate and the constituents as logical arguments of the predicate.
• So we can think of such predicate-argument relations as FIND(I, A FLIGHT), or WANT(I, TO FLY).

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Complements and Subcatrgorization Frames

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LBRCE

NLP

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Subcatrgorization Frames

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LBRCE

NLP

• Verb-with-NP-complement → find | leave | repeat | . . .
• Verb-with-S-complement → think | believe | say | . . .
• Verb-with-Inf-VP-complement → want | try | need | . . .
• Then each VP rule could be modified to require the appropriate verb subtype:
• VP → Verb-with-no-complement disappear
• VP → Verb-with-NP-comp NP prefer a morning flight
• VP → Verb-with-S-comp S said there were two flights

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

New Grammar Rules for VP

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LBRCE

NLP

• The subclass of verbs called auxiliaries or helping verbs have particular syntactic constraints which can be viewed as a kind of subcategorization.
• Auxiliaries include the modal verbs can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, and should, the perfect auxiliary have, the progressive auxiliary be, and the passive auxiliary be.
• Each of these verbs places a constraint on the form of the following verb, and each of these must also combine in a particular order.

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Auxiliaries

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LBRCE

NLP

• Modal verbs subcategorize for a VP whose head verb is a bare stem; for example, can go in the morning, will try to find a flight.
• The perfect verb have subcategorizes for a VP whose head verb is the past participle form: have booked 3 flights.
• The progressive verb subcategorizes for a VP whose head verb is the gerundive participle: am going from Atlanta.
• The passive verb subcategorizes for a VP whose head verb is the past participle: was delayed by inclement weather..

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Auxiliaries Sub Categorization

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LBRCE

NLP

• A sentence can have multiple auxiliary verbs, but they must occur in a particular order: modal < perfect < progressive < passive.
• modal perfect could have been a contender
• modal passive will be married
• perfect progressive have been feasting
• modal perfect passive might have been prevented

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Auxiliaries Sub Categorization

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LBRCE

NLP

• Auxiliaries are often treated just like verbs such as want, seem, or intend, which subcategorize for particular kinds of VP complements.
• Thus can would be listed in the lexicon as a verb-with-bare-stem-VP-complement.
• One way of capturing the ordering constraints among auxiliaries, commonly used in the systemic grammar of Halliday (1985), is to introduce a special constituent called the verb group, whose subconstituents include all the auxiliaries as well as the main verb.

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Verb Groups

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LBRCE

NLP

• Some of the ordering constraints can also be captured in a different way.
• Since modals, for example, do not have a progressive or participle form, they simply will never be allowed to follow progressive or passive be or perfect have.

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Verb Groups

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LBRCE

NLP

• The passive construction has a number of properties that make it different than other auxiliaries.
• One important difference is a semantic one; while the subject of non-passive (active) sentence is often the semantic agent of the event described by the verb (I prevented a catastrophe) the subject of the passive is often the undergoer or patient of the event (a catastrophe was prevented).

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Active Verb Constructions

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LBRCE

NLP

• The major phrase types discussed here can be conjoined with conjunctions like and, or, and but to form larger constructions of the same type.
• For example a coordinate noun phrase can consist of two other noun phrases separated by a conjunction:
• Please repeat [NP [NP the flights] and [NP the costs]]
• I need to know [NP [NP the aircraft] and [NP the flight number]]

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Coordination

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LBRCE

NLP

• NP → NP and NP
• Nominal → Nominal and Nominal
• VP → VP and VP
• S → S and S
• Examples
• What flights do you have [VP [VP leaving Denver] and [VP arriving in SanFrancisco]]
• [S [S I’m interested in a flight from Dallas to Washington] and [S I’m also interested in going to Baltimore]]

S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Rules of Coordination

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LBRCE

NLP

• Session Outcomes
• Verbal Phrases
• Sentential Complements
• VP Followed By VP
• Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
• Complements and Sub Categorization Frames
• New Grammar rules for VP
• Auxiliaries
• Auxiliaries sub categorization
• Verb Groups
• Active Verb Constructions
• Coordination
• Rules of Coordination

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S.V.V.D.Jagadeesh

Friday, February 20, 2026

Summary

LBRCE

NLP