Table of Contents

4.8

4.9

4.10

4.11

4.12

4.13

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Period 4 Key Concepts

Key Concept 4.1: The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.

Key Concept 4.2: Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.

Key Concept 4.3: The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.

4.8 Jackson and Federal Power

Theme: Politics and Power

Opener: How did the Democratic Republicans feel about Federal Power? Share with a partner!

Learning Objective

4.H

Explain the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government from 1800 to 1848.

New Political Parties

• Democrats vs. Whigs
• Democrats rose out of the D-R party after 1824 election
• Whigs out of opposition to Jackson
• Henry Clay & Daniel Webster
• Nationalists D-R faction
• Powers of the Federal Government
• Jackson vetoed more bills than previous presidents
• Left abolition to the states - intervened in Abolitionist mail

Jackson’s Vetoes

New Political Parties

• 2nd Bank of the US
• Jackson had always opposed the bank
• Clay makes it election issue in 1832 with recharter bill, Jackson vetoes
• Jackson re-elected, transfers federal deposits to “pet banks”
• Bank War and Specie Circular policy led to Panic of 1837

"This worthy President," said Biddle, "thinks that because he has scalped Indians and imprisoned Judges he is to have his way with the Bank. He is mistaken." Jackson retorted: "The Bank...is trying to kill me, but I will kill it."

Why did the Democratic Republicans (and later�The Democrats) so fervently oppose the early�National banks?

KC-4.1.I.C: By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose—the Democrats, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay— that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements.

New Political Parties

• Tariffs
• Meant to protect domestic industries
• Tariff of Abominations challenged by SC in nullification crisis
• Congress passes Force Bill, Jackson readies troops.
• Internal Improvements
• Jackson would not fund projects located in only one state - Maysville Road
• Whigs favored spending federal money on improvements

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KC-4.3.I.B: Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations.

Expansion and American Indians

• White settlers expansion
• Movement from East to West to reach Mississippi - trans-Mississippi to come later
• American Indian Resistance
• Attempts at Confederacy by Tecumseh Tenskwatawa - ends during War of 1812
• Worcester v. Georgia (1832) - States cannot make laws that affect Natives
• Indian Removal Act (1830) to exchange Western land for Indian Ancestral lands, not all take deal
• Removal between 1831 and 1842 affected Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Seminoles - 60,000 moved, ~15,000 die (Trail of Tears)

Group Discussion Qs

Scan both the history of the Trail of Tears as well as the family stories linked below for 5 minutes. Then, discuss these questions in your groups:�Family stories from the Trail of Tears

• How did Andrew Jackson's policies and actions contribute to the forced removal of Native American tribes in the early 19th century? What were his motivations and justifications?
• What were some of the strategies employed by Native American tribes to resist removal? How successful were these strategies in protecting their land and rights?
• How did the Supreme Court's decisions, such as the 1823 ruling on Indian occupancy rights and the 1831 decision in favor of the Cherokee, impact the fate of Native American tribes in the face of forced removal?
• What were the different approaches taken by the Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, Chickasaw, and Cherokee tribes in response to the Indian Removal Act? How did these approaches ultimately affect their communities?
• In what ways did the forced removal of Native American tribes, such as the Trail of Tears, shape the demographics and social landscape of the United States in the 19th century? How did it impact the relationship between Native Americans and the U.S. government?

Recap

• Jackson’s presidency included issues over tariffs, the Bank of the U.S. and Indian Removal
• The Trail of Tears was due to coerced removal of Southeastern tribes

Period 4 Quiz

You will have 30 minutes to complete the 10 MCQs and an abbreviated DBQ.��For the DBQ:�HIPP at least 4 documents.�Outline your essay with the following (Bullet points are okay for this. Keep it short and quick):�- List three things you would name for contextualization�- Write a full historically defensible thesis that roadmaps your essay�- List Claim 1 and include which documents you would use to support it�- List Claim 2 and include which documents you would use to support it�- Name one piece of outside evidence for either Claim 1 or 2

4.9 The Development of an American Culture

Theme: American and Regional Culture

Learning Objective

4.I

Explain how and why a new national culture developed from 1800 to 1848.

KC-4.1.II.B: A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities.

New National Culture

• American elements:
• Nationalism and Patriotism post War of 1812
• European influences
• Similar to contemporary Romanticism movement in Europe
• Some similarities in art and architecture
• Regional cultural sensibilities
• Frontier culture - Daniel Boone and Davy Crockett

KC-4.1.II.C: Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture.

Literature, Art, Philosophy, Architecture

• Transcendentalism - movement focused on feeling, intuition, individualism, heroism, and nature
• Philosophy
• Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau
• “Self Reliance” and “On Civil Disobedience”
• Literature
• Washington Irving and Nathaniel Hawthorne
• “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and The Scarlet Letter
• Walt Whitman - Song of Myself

Literature, Art, Philosophy, Architecture

• Art
• Landscapes and nature
• Hudson River School - dramatic landscapes
• John James Audubon and birds
• Genre paintings - ordinary life
• George Caleb Bingham
• Architecture
• Federal and private buildings borrowed Greek styles

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The Battery Neighborhood in Charleston, SC

Recap

• New culture based on nationalism and patriotism
• Transcendentalism seen across art, literature, philosophy, and architecture

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4.10 The Second Great Awakening

Theme: American and Regional Culture

Recall what you know about the First Great Awakening and share with a partner.

Learning Objective

4.J

Explain the causes of the Second Great Awakening.

KC-4.1.II.A.i: The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants.

Causes of the Second Great Awakening

• Great Awakening
• Religious revival of many Christian denominations and creation of new ones - Mormons, Millerites
• Revivals consisted of thousands of followers, sometimes held in rural areas as camp meetings

Joseph Smith

Brigham Young

William Miller

Causes of the Second Great Awakening

• Democratic and individualistic beliefs
• Worshippers attracted to less formal, more participatory, services
• Ex. Timothy Dwight
• Response to rationalism
• New services focused more on emotion and experience of salvation
• Ex. Peter Cartwright

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Causes of the Second Great Awakening

• Effects of Market Revolution
• Reaction to growing materialism and sin associated with greed
• Social and Geographical Mobility
• People looking to escape crowded urban areas, open to idea of salvation through faith and hard work
• Ex. Charles Grandison Finney - Burned Over District

Recap

• The Great Awakening was another religious revival reinforcing Protestant ideas and creating new denomination
• Impacted by market revolution, growing middle class, democratic sentiment and response to rationalism.

TLDR

• Causation: Market Revolution leads to Second Great Awakening leads to Abolitionist Movement
• Comparison: First and Second Great Awakening both promote American Individualism
• Continuity: Continuation of religious movements in U.S. History

4D MCQS on AP Classroom

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As you engage with the questions together:

• HIPP the documents verbally with each other.
• Why? This gives us additional DBQ practice. And it will also help us answer the questions!

Period 4 Socratic Seminar on 11/6

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-HIPP the documents.

-Complete the pre-seminar questions today and tomorrow.

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-Volunteers for Socratic Facilitator?

4.11 An Age of Reform

Theme: American and Regional Culture

Learning Objective

4.K

Explain how and why various reform movements developed and expanded from 1800 to 1848.

KC-4.1.II.A.ii The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements.

The Age of Reform

• Causes of Moral and Social reforms
• Response to rationalism - seen in Transcendentalism
• Second Great Awakening - People seek salvation through good works
• Utopian Movements - attempt at creating ideal community
• Usually religiously affiliated, in part as response to effects of Industrialization
• Ex. Shakers, New Harmony, Oneida

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KC-4.1.III.A: Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society through temperance and other reform efforts.

Voluntary Organizations

• Temperance - End consumption of alcohol
• American Temperance Society and Washingtonians
• Successful in getting legislation passed, support of factory owners
• Movement continues into 20th c.
• Other reform efforts
• Public Asylums - Mentally ill (Dorothea Dix), poor houses, schools for blind and deaf persons, Prisons and Penitentiaries (Auburn System)

Voluntary Organizations

• Public Education
• Free Public School movement (Horace Mann), includes moral education
• Rise of private Catholic schools in response to Protestant influence in public schools
• New religion-affiliated universities in West, some admit women (Oberlin)
• Rise of lecture circuits and lyceum societies
• American Peace Society, Phrenology, Dietary Reforms

KC-4.1.III.B.i: Abolitionist and antislavery movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North, contributing to the growth of the free African American population, even as many state governments restricted African Americans’ rights.

Abolition

• Growing free African American population
• 250,000 in the north, 50% of free black population
• State government restrictions
• Could not vote, could not unionize
• In South, burden of proof of freedom
• Slave codes continue to restrict movement and freedom of enslaved

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KC-4.3.II.B.i: Antislavery movements increased in the North.

Abolition Movements

• American Colonization Society
• Emancipated people to Africa - Settlement in Liberia
• American Anti Slavery Society
• Founded by William Lloyd Garrison, published The Liberator
• Advocated for immediate Emancipation
• Liberty Party offshoots
• Black Abolitionists
• David Walker’s Appeal, enslaved should demand freedom by any means
• Frederick Douglass mentored by Garrison, publishes North Star

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Walker’s Appeal: ". . .they want us for their slaves, and think nothing of murdering us. . . therefore, if there is an attempt made by us, kill or be killed. . . and believe this, that it is no more harm for you to kill a man who is trying to kill you, than it is for you to take a drink of water when thirsty."

KC-4.1.III.C: A women’s rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention.

Women’s Rights

• Women’s Roles
• Industrialization results in smaller families - women gain more time
• Cult of Domesticity - women to be moral and religious anchors of home
• Evolution of Republican Motherhood
• Women’s Rights Movement
• Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton begin advocacy
• Margaret Fuller and Sarah Grimké
• Seneca Falls Convention, 1848
• Issued “Declaration of Sentiments”

Recap

• The Age of Reform began due to the Market Revolution, The Second Great Awakening, Expansion of Democracy, and Transcendentalist Culture
• Reform movements included, Temperance, Education, Public Asylum
• Abolition grew as a result of the reform movement
• Women’s Rights Movement grew when women experienced inequality in other reform movements.

Period 4 Key Concepts

Key Concept 4.1: The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.

Key Concept 4.2: Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.

Key Concept 4.3: The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.

4.12 African Americans in the Early Republic

Theme: Social Structures

Learning Objective

4.L

Explain the continuities and changes in the experience of African Americans from 1800 to 1848.

KC-4.1.II.D: Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status.

KC-4.1.III.B.ii: Antislavery efforts in the South were largely limited to unsuccessful slave rebellions.

Antislavery in the South

• Unsuccessful Slave Rebellions
• Denmark Vesey - found out/betrayed before rebellion
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 1831 - killed more than 50 white men, women, children → harsher slave codes
• Subtle Resistance
• Slow work, feigning sick,tool breaking
• Leads to negative stereotypes of laziness
• Running Away
• More common for males
• Use of Underground Railroad
• Risk of bounty hunters

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Efforts of Resistance

• Communities
• Black church congregations - African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)
• Marriages between enslaved and emancipated partners in South
• Separation a constant threat, created “surrogate” families
• Enslaved population will nearly double to 3.9 M from 1830-1860
• Political Efforts
• Liberty Party ran presidential candidates in 1840 and 1844

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Recap

• There were many ways in which people resisted enslavement, rebellions usually did not succeed
• Enslaved and Emancipated people attempted to maintain their communities and relationships as best they could

4.13 The Society of the South in the Early Republic

Theme: Geography and the Environment

Learning Objective

4. M

Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of the South from 1800 to 1848.

KC-4.2.III.C: Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples, contributing to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity.

King Cotton

• Southern regional identity and economy
• Agriculture
• Rice, tobacco still grown
• Few large cities, economies centered on distribution of agricultural products and slave auctions
• King Cotton
• Made up ⅔ of US exports, Britain
• Profits encourage more land and more slavery

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KC-4.3.II.B.ii: In the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no slaves, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life.

Slavery in Southern Society

• Prevalence of “peculiar institution”
• From 1 million in 1800 to 4 million 1860
• Natural increase despite barriers to normal family life
• Enslavers
• 75% of population did not practice slavery, but slavery was widely popular among
• Most enslavers had less than 20 people in bondage
• Classes that practiced slavery were wealthiest and most influential
• Poor whites support slavery in hopes of one day attaining wealth
• Also elevated their status relative to others

KC-4.3.II.A: As overcultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow.

Expansion West

• Southerners move west
• Over cultivation of cotton and pursuit of profits
• Bound by Missouri Compromise line
• By 1845, more southwestern territory added to the Union
• Texas annexation, Mexican Cession
• Internal slave trade grows
• Enslavers of upper south sell bondsmen south and southwest

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Recap

• Slavery became more ingrained into Southern society in the antebellum period
• The South relied heavily on agriculture and cotton plantation
• As southern farmers moved west they took the institution with them

Kahoot Review for Period 4 Summative

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Review for Period 4 Summative 11/12-13

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11/14: 30 MCQs in 30 Minutes

11/13: 1 DBQ in 55 Minutes

Period 4 Kahoot Review