History of Karbala

تاریخ کربلا

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To understand significance of Karbala Event

We should understand the following:

• What's the ruling about Governance in Islam
• How Khulafa Rashidun ruled the nations
• What changes happened after them
• Why and how things changed
• Impacts of Changes from Khilafat to Mulukiyat
• Hussain RA resistance and sacrifice

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Event of Karbala 61 H

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اسلام کے اصول حکمرانی�Islamic Guidelines of Governance

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خلافت راشدہ کی خصوصیات

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Difference between Caliphate & Kingdom

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مقام صحابہ

• قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: " الله الله في اصحابي، لا تتخذوهم غرضا بعدي فمن احبهم فبحبي احبهم، ومن ابغضهم فببغضي ابغضهم، ومن آذاهم فقد آذاني، ومن آذاني فقد آذى الله، ومن آذى الله فيوشك ان ياخذه
• عبداللہ بن مغفل رضی الله عنہ کہتے ہیں کہ رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا: ”اللہ سے ڈرو، اللہ سے ڈرو، میرے صحابہ کے معاملہ میں، اللہ سے ڈرو،، اور میرے بعد انہیں ہدف ملامت نہ بنانا، جو ان سے محبت کرے گا وہ مجھ سے محبت کرنے کی وجہ سے ان سے محبت کرے گا اور جو ان سے بغض رکھے گا وہ مجھ سے بغض کی وجہ سے ان سے بغض رکھے گا، جس نے انہیں ایذاء پہنچائی اس نے مجھے ایذا پہنچائی اور جس نے مجھے ایذا پہنچائی اس نے اللہ کو ایذا دی، اور جس نے اللہ کو ایذا دی تو قریب ہے کہ وہ اسے اپنی گرفت میں لے لے“۔ [ترمذی]

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Significance of Sahaba RA

• They were all Good people الصّحابۃؓ کلُّہم عدول
• Their intentions were pure
• Least grade of Sahaba is better than best among others
• They were not Infallible Masoom anil Qata معصوم عن الخطاء
• If they Err in Judgement, they will be rewarded  
• Islam has reached us thru them and they were loyal in spreading the correctness of Islam.
• أصحابي کالنجوم بأیّہم اقتدیتم اہتدیتم۔  نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کا ارشاد ہے کہ میرے صحابہ رضی اللہ عنہم ستاروں کی مانند ہیں، ان میں جس کی پیروی کرو گے ہدایت پاجاؤ گے شرح الفقہ الأکبر لملاعلی القاری،ص۶۳

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Two Major reasons

Conspiracies

• Abdullah bin Saba Jewish
• Concept of wasi, Masoom Divinity of Ali, Hero worship
• the concept of occultation (ghayba) and return (rajʿa) 
• Followers in Madina, Basra, Kufa, Egypt & Damascus.
• Ibn Saba & Malik bin Ashtar role in Battle of camel.
• He was killed by H Ali Ra

Clash of Tribes

• Banu Hashim vs Banu Ummayah
• Pre Islamic Era
• How Abu Bakr & Umar RA dealt
• 84k martyrs after caliph Usman Martyrdom.

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• Arab Tribes

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Banu Ummayah & Banu Hashim – Before Islam

Competition & Bitterness

سقایہ، یعنی پانی کا انتظام

 رفادہ زائرین، کعبہ کی مہمانداری

سداتہ، یعنی کعبہ کی حفاظت اور اس کی خدمت

 عُقاب، قومی جھنڈے کا محافظ

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Tribal dealings – During Prophet PBUH

• Peace to those who shelter in Abu sufyan Home during Conquest of Makkah
• Hazrat Osman was Prophet Son in Law & Third Caliph
• Prophet Married Um Habeeba RA Daughter of Abu Sufyan
• Abu Sufyan was made Governor of Najran
• Few Umayyad Leaders got Governorship
• Prophet Mohammed PBUH never gave Long-term Governorship to Any Hashemite

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The Rasul salla Llahu ‘alayhi wa sallam employed ‘

• Itab ibn Usayd ibn Abi al ‘As as governor of Makkah,
• Abu Sufyan ibn Harb over Najran,
• Khalid ibn Sa’id in charge of the zakat of Banu Madhjah, and
• Aban ibn Sa’id in charge of some campaigns then as governor of Bahrain

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H. Abu Bakr & Omar RA Controlled Tribes

• Both Abu Bakr & Omar made Hashemite part of their Shura and counsel them on important things
• Hashemite needs were taken care of
• Hashemites were not given Governorships
• Omar RA used to say that If prophethood and governance combined in bani Hashim they might become proud and misrule with people
• Both of them appointed many Governors and military generals from Ummayyads.
• During Both period Nobody from their clans got big post (Except one)
• Omar RA admonished Osman, Ali & Saad (RA) to avoid giving power to their tribes (Tabqat ibn Saad)

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Discontent During H Osman RA last period

Marwan Bin Hakm was made Seal Bearer and personal Assistant

• Tulaqas vs Sabiqoon طلقاء – سابقون الاولون
• They were great administrator but spend less time with Prophets SAS.
• Role of Conspirators and capturing Madina
• Explanations from H Usman RA
• Request by Top Muslims to fight with Conspirators
• Refusal of Usman RA to start inter muslim fight
• Martyrdom of H Usman RA

Major Governors were from Umayyad

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Ummah During H Ali RA - 1

• Most Sahaba Requested Ali RA to accept Khilafat.
• All Except few (17-20) took oath.
• Culprits of Usman’s murder got mixed with masses
• Delay in execution of Murderers
• War of Camel جنگ جمل جمادی الاخر 36 ھ
• Role of H. Talha, Zubair & Ayesha RA
• Truce agreement between Talha, Zubair & Ali RA
• Conspirator killed Talha (Marwan Bin Hakm) & Zubair RA.
• Ali RA treated opposite Army with respect.
• 10000 people died on both sides. Mostly Basra & Kufa
• Iraqi People cursed Ali RA, but he dealt politely

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Ummah During H Ali RA - 2

• War of Siffin جنگ صفین صفر ۳۷ ھ
• Initially the army of Ali RA was winning
• Ammar bin Yasir martyrdom.
• تَقْتُلُكَ الْفِئَةُ الْبَاغِيَةُ A group of rebels would kill you (Muslim)
• Role of H. Amr bin Al Aas RA
• Umayyad Army lifted Quran on spears as Hakm
• Dispute among Ali Army
• Rise of Kharjites
• Abu Musa Ashary RA & Ibn Al aas RA role as Hakm
• ابو موسی اشعری کا اعلان – علی اور معاویہ کی معزولی
• Parallel caliphate. War of Naharwan. Safar 38H
• Conspiracy to kill 3 top leaders.
• H Ali RA Martyrdom رمضان 40 ھ
• 6 months of Hasan RA Caliphate

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ھذا حکم بیننا و بینکم

عبد اللہ بن عباس کو حکم

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: خِلَافَةُ النُّبُوَّةِ ثَلَاثُونَ سَنَةً، ثُمَّ يُؤْتِي اللَّهُ الْمُلْكَ أَوْ مُلْكَهُ مَنْ يَشَاءُ

Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: The Prophetic Khilaafah will be thirty years. Then Allah will give the kingdom or His kingdom to whomever He wills. (Sunan Abu Dawood, 4646).

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Virtue of Hasan RA.

• سمعت النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم على المنبر والحسن إلى جنبه ينظر إلى الناس مرة وإليه مرة، ويقول:" ابني هذا سيد ولعل الله ان يصلح به بين فئتين من المسلمين". Bukhari
• نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم منبر پر تشریف فرما تھے اور حسن رضی اللہ عنہ آپ کے پہلو میں تھے، آپ کبھی لوگوں کی طرف متوجہ ہوتے اور پھر حسن رضی اللہ عنہ کی طرف اور فرماتے: میرا یہ بیٹا سردار ہے اور امید ہے کہ اللہ تعالیٰ اس کے ذریعہ مسلمانوں کی دو جماعتوں میں صلح کرائے گا۔
• After Martyrdom of Ali RA, 40000 took pledge with Hasan RA
• They marched towards to Damascus but reached compromise
• Hasan RA said: If caliphate is Muawiyah right, then it has reached him. If it was my right then I withdrew from it.
• Slangs – یا عار المومنین – یا مذل المومنین

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Ameer Mawiyyah RA

Islamic World

661--680

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• Rasul salla Llahu ‘alayhi wa sallam prayed for Muawiyah radiya Llahu ‘anhu, such as when he said: O Allah, make him a guide^[9] and one who is guided^[10], and guide others through him.^{[11] .} And he said: O Allah, teach Muawiyah literacy and numeracy, and protect him from punishment.^[12]
• The first army of my ummah that will campaign by sea, Paradise will be their due.”^[13]
• Muawiyah narrated one hundred and sixty three (163) ahadith from the Rasul of Allah 
• He was Katib e wahi during prophet SAS period
• He was Governor of Syria since Omar RA period

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^[11]  Sahih Sunan al Tirmidhi, by al Albani, 31236 (3842).

^[12]  Mawarid al Zam’an, 7/249. Its isnad is hasan (2278).

^[13]  Fath al Bari, 6/121

Virtues of Mawiyyah RA

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• Peace – No Treason wars
• Expansion of Muslim World
• First naval fleet
• First attack on Constantinople (Istanbul)
• Uqbah bin Nafeh Conquest till west Africa
• Established Postal system
• Established Govt orders with Seal
• Changed the veil of Kaaba
• Took Oath for Yazid on advice of Mugairah bin Shu’bah RA

20 Year rule of Mawiyyah RA

Post Muawiya RA Muslim world

• Succession of Yazid on advice of Mugairah bin Shu’bah
• Abdullah bin Zubair, Hussain bin Ali, Abdullah bin Omer & Abdullah bin Abbas didn’t accept.
• Marwan Announced in Madina, Abdur Rahman Bin Abubakr Criticized.
• Iraq, Syria and other took the oath.
• Muawiya RA met with above four and talk to them softly and hardly; then warned.
• Muawiya announced Yazid in front of above people in Madina. Then rest took oath.
• People of Kufa called Hussain RA for allegiance. Hussain refused due to treaty
• They wrote several letters to come and rule them.
• Elder sahaba advised him not to go to Kufa.
• Hussain sent Muslim bin Aqeel to check the situation.
• People took the oath to side with Hussain. Which he conveyed back.

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Battle of Karbala

• Yazid removed Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari as governor of Kufa due to his inaction, and installed Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, then governor of Basra, in his place
• Muslim bin Aqeel was eventually martyred.
• Hussain went with 72 persons.
• He got the news of Muslim bin Aqeel
• Hussain want to return but MbA Brothers vowed
• Hussain Ra proposed 3 options but refused
• On 10^th Muharram 60H, Army of Ubaidullah bin ziyad Martyred Hussain RA and all his male companions.
• Only one son remained alive Ali zainul abideen
• All Killers of Hussain RA died tragic death

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Martyrs of Karbala

• Two Of Husayn's Sons,
• Six Of His Paternal Brothers,
• Three Sons Of Hasan Ibn Ali,
• Three Sons Of Jafar Ibn Abi Talib And
• Three Sons And Three Grandsons Of Aqil Ibn Abi Talib
• Eighty-eight Dead In Opposition Ibn Sa'd's Army,

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Killers of Karbala

•  Ubaydillah ibn Ziyaad
• Shimr bin Ziljaushan
• Umar bin Saad bin Abi Waqqas

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Role of People of Kufa

کوفی لا یوفی

• Kufa was established by Omar RA as Garisson city
• People were mostly military men and less knowledge
• Center of Abdullah bin Saba the conspirator
• They were more emotional and less rational
• Martyred the leading Islamic Personalities
• Ali bin Abi Talib
• Hussain RA
• Musab bin Zubair
• Mukhtar claimed prophethood among them

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Yazid bin Mawiyyah

680--683

• He wasn’t of best characters
• Spent most time in Hunting
• Abdullah bin Zubair established his caliphate in Makkah. Yazid Army attacked Makkah but couldn’t conquer
• Yazid ruled for 2 years and 8 months.

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Lessons from martyrdom of Imam Husain

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Questions

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Fast the ninth in addition to the tenth of Muharram

• Abdullah Ibn Abbas said, "When the Messenger of Allah fasted on 'Ashura' and commanded the Muslims to fast as well, they said, `O Messenger of Allah, it is a day that is venerated by the Jews and Christians.

The Messenger of Allah said : `If I live to see the next year, ‘Insha'Allah’, we will fast on the ninth day too.' But it so happened that the Messenger of Allah passed away before the next year came.” [Muslim]

• "Observe the fast of Ashura and oppose the Jews. Fast a day before it or a day after."(Bayhaqi)

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Fasting 'Ashura' expiates sins

Imam An-Nawawi said that it expiates all minor sins

• "Fasting the day of 'Arafah expiates sins for two years, and the day of 'Ashura' expiates for one year...
• If there are minor sins for which expiation is desired, expiation for them will be accepted;
• If there are no minor sins or major sins, good deeds will be added to the servant's account and he will be raised in status...
• If he had committed major sins but no minor sins, we hope that his major sins will be reduced."

[Al-Majmu'ah al-Muhathab]

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اسلام کے اصول حکمرانی�Islamic Guidelines of Governance

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