1 of 3

  • Stand-to-sit (stop standing) 
  • Raise CoM in active sit 
  • Sit-to-supine
  • Sit-to-stand
  • Supine-to-sidely
  • Supine-to-sit

POSTURAL STABILITY

STAND CONTROL

LIMB SWING

PROPULSION

  • Stand down for first step
  • Activation of lower limb in supine
  • Sit-to-stand for first-step
  • Supine-to-sidely
  • Stairs
  • Backward step
  • Propulsion in the line of gravity
  • Stairs
  • Activation of lower limb in supine (foot core system) 
  • Activation of the lower limb in sidely

Understanding the Complexity of Postural Control for the Functional Recovery of Locomotion

Adapted from Neptune & Vistamehr (2019)

Facilitation of

Locomotion

2 of 3

  1. Stop standing for postural stability
  2. Sit to supine for postural stability
  3. Activation of lower limb in supine for stance control / strength / deceleration
  4. Activation of lower limb for core system in foot for limb swing
  5. Sidely for postural stability and  limb swing
  6. Backward step for propulsion
  7. Symmetrical (= could be asymmetrical or symmetrical) sit-to-stand for SLS for first step Stance + Propulsion
  8. Facilitation of locomotion�

List of practicals

3 of 3

Postural Stability – Stop Standing

  • K. Kaminishi, R. Chiba, K. Takakusaki, J. Ota, Investigation of the effect of tonus on the change in postural control strategy using musculoskeletal simulation, Gait Posture 76 (2020) 298–304
  • Karthikbabu, S., Chakrapani, M., Ganesan, S., & Ellajosyla, R. (2017). Pelvic alignment in standing, and its relationship with trunk control and motor recovery of lower limb after stroke. Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, 5(1), 22-28.
  • Fehér-Kiss, A., Nagy, E., Domján, A., Jakab, K., Kránicz, J., & Horváth, G. (2018). Trunk alignment in different standing positions in healthy subjects and stroke patients-a comparative study with a simple method for the everyday practice.: Trunk alignment in healthy and stroke subjects. Topics in stroke rehabilitation, 25(8), 561-568.
  • Błażkiewicz M, Wiszomirska I, Wit A. A new method of determination of phases and symmetry in stand-to-sit-to-stand movement. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2014 Aug;27(4):660-71.

Stand control - Activation of lower limb in supine

    • Viseux, F. J. (2020). The sensory role of the sole of the foot: review and update on clinical perspectives. Neurophysiologie Clinique, 50(1), 55-68.
    • Dubey, L., Karthikbabu, S., & Mohan, D. (2018). Effects of pelvic stability training on movement control, hip muscles strength, walking speed and daily activities after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of neurosciences, 25(2), 80-89.
    • Hogervorst, T., & Vereecke, E. E. (2015). Evolution of the human hip. Part 2: muscling the double extension. Journal of hip preservation surgery, 2(1), 3-14.

Propulsion - Backward step

    • Awad, L., Lewek M., Kesar,T. ,Franz,J, Bowden M.(2020) These legs were made for propulsion: advancing the diagnosis and treatment of post-stroke propulsion deficits.Awad et al. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation (2020) 17:139
    • Roelker, S. A., Bowden, M. G., Kautz, S. A., & Neptune, R. R. (2019). Paretic propulsion as a measure of walking performance and functional motor recovery post-stroke: a review. Gait & posture, 68, 6-14.
    • Wen, H., & Wang, M. (2022). Backward walking training impacts positive effect on improving walking capacity after stroke: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3370.

Limb swing - Activation of the lower limb in sidely

    • Zelik, K. E., La Scaleia, V., Ivanenko, Y. P., & Lacquaniti, F. (2015). Coordination of intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles during walking. European journal of applied physiology, 115, 691-701.
    • Riddick, R., Farris, D. J., & Kelly, L. A. (2019). The foot is more than a spring: human foot muscles perform work to adapt to the energetic requirements of locomotion. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 16(150), 20180680.
    • Chiang SL, Lin CH, Lin CH, Lu LH, Chang ST, Sung WH, Wei SH. Analysis of Trunk Rolling Performances by Mattress Mobility Detection System in Poststroke Patients: A Pilot Study. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:8743051.