Editors:
Marcin Jakubowski
Graphic Design:
Jean-Baptiste Vervaeck
Version:
Date:
Force and Power
v19.05
First Edition
Open Source Ecology Design Guide Series
Force and Power and Energy - Table of Contents 1
Force and Power– for stepper motors, shaft torque in general, geardowns, rpms and hp; clamping force. Position, velocity (IPM), acceleration (max Acceleration in 3d printers), jerk. Common RPMs, such as drill, stepper, and fast electric motor. Applications – Desired performance in mechatronic systems must be calculated – otherwise you are just guessing whether something will work or not. Calculations allow us to determine whether something will be efficient – and for energy use – efficiency is important if we care about environmental impact.
1.5 Additivity and subtractively of force
1.6 Conservation of matter and energy
1.7 continuity of fluids
1.8 Basic equations of F=ma + Hamiltonian, Newtonian, Quantum. Cover each topic for all forms of energy and matter.
1.7.1 What is velocity. What has velocity - particles and ensembles
Car
Gas = T
1.7.2 What is mass. What has mass - particles v energy. Energy conversion to mass.
1.7.3 what is acceleration
1.7.4 What is jerk
1.7.5 What is pressure
1.7.6 what is energy. Thermal, mechanical, electric, etc. Energy storage. Gravity. Chemical. Energy density. Embodied energy. Specific energy. Volumetric. Types of energy storage. Fuels. Decarbonization of fuel. Fossil vs renewable energy.
1.7.7 what is power. What is power density.
Force and Power - Table of Contents 2
1.8 Units. Cover each topic for all forms of energy
1.8.1 Both metric, imperial, and other. Distance.
1.8.2 Units of mass
1.8.3 Acceleration
1.8.4 force and torque (linear vs rotational)
1.8.5 pressure
1.8.6 speed - linear and angular
1.8.7 energy - for different types of energy
1.8.8 power
1.9 Measurements and measurement tools used
1.9.1 microns - dial indicator; nanometers - refractometer, millimeters - tape
1.9.2-8 corresponding measurements to above
1.10 Common ranges of values for all of above
1.10.1 typical rpms and oscillation rates of tools - Cutoff = 3600; drill 0-2000
1.10.2 Typical voltages from electrons on up for different machines
1.10.3 typical cutting, grinding, milling rates of productivity tools and machines
1.10.4 Typical ground speeds of machines. Infographic.
1.10.5 Available energy on Earth. Incoming and chemical, renewable and fossil
2. Applications - important quantities for different maachines
2.1 Hydraulics and relevant quantities. Incompressible vs compressible
2.1.1 pressure. Via hydraulics or clamps/screws. Rounding metal for soil mixer.
2.1.2 motion
2.2. Stepper motors and relevant quantities
2.3 electric motors and relevant quantities
2.4 pumps, water delivery and storage
2.5 Fuels and their energy content
2.6. geardowns and relevant quantities
2.7 relationships between quantities
2.7.1 Shaft rotation, torque, energy, and power
3.
Force and Power - Table of Contents 3
Efficiencies
3.1 calculating them for different machines
3.2 energy conversion efficiency of fuels and stored energy resources
3.3 Dependence of efficiency on the definition of terms
3.3.1 100% efficiency. At what?
3.3.1 Free energy - free as in freedom or free as in beer?
3.3.2 Low efficiency and stacking functions
3.4 Typical 10% efficiency of biological and mechanical systems. Higher efficiency and lower efficiency.
3.4.1 much higher than 10%
3.4.2 much lower than 10%
4. Force, energy, power, torque, and other calculators
5. Making machines work by design
5.1 The importance of calculations
5.2 Economic significance
5.3 Physical factors affecting machine effectiveness
5.3.1 understanding the properties of soil
5.3.2 understanding the properties of rocks
5.3.3. Same for : plants and biomass
5.3.4 Sunlight. Beyond scarcity because we learned to harvest the sun
5.3.5 temperature, humidity, and wind
5.3.6 water
5.3.7 oil
5.3.7 powders
5.3.8 metals
5.3.9 plastics - amorphous and crystal, long chain, crosslinks
5.3.10 ceramics - insulating brittle things
Force and Power - Table of Contents 4
5.3.11 electricity - motors, Sparks, welders, melters, heaters
5.3.12 heat
5.3.13 pressure
5.3.14 cements
5.3.15 plasmas
5.3.16 semiconductors
5.3.17 chemistry. New materials etc.
6. Towards numeracy and ubiquitous innovation as a basis for evolving beyond artificial scarcity
Notes On Using this Guide
OSE work builds upon these great open source projects:
ABOUT: This is part of a design series on general machine design aimed at basic competency in the design of all 50 Global Village Construction Set machines.
HOW TO USE: You can use a QR code reader to scan the bar codes to access content online.
COLLABORATION: This is a collaborative effort. You are invited to help edit this guide. You can edit this document or make a copy, make your edits, and email us describing your proposed changes. To join our open source product development effort, join our Developer Team, or get hands-on experience in our Workshops. Email us at info@opensourceecology.org
8. Resources
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