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What is matter made up of?

Matter is made up of very small particles.

These particles are so small that they cannot be seen even with a microscope. (can only be seen with a electron microscope)

These tiny particles are discrete. This means that the particles are completely separated and there are spaces between them.

The particles of matter can also move

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What is matter made up of?

5. The classification table below shows the basic structure of matter:

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Three States of Matter

The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid, liquid, and gas differ from one another in terms of the arrangement of the particles and the movement of the particles.
The classification table below shows the three states of matter and its examples:

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States of matter

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Eg:

glass beads
bricks
plates
raincoats
ice
gold

Eg:

water
oil
alcohol
kerosene
milk
mercury

Eg:

air
nitrogen
steam

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Water is an example of matter that exists in all the three states :-
water is a liquid at room temperature
ice is water in the solid state
steam and water vapour are water in the gas state

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The arrangement and movement of particles in the three states of matter

Characteristics	Solid	Liquid	Gas
Diagram of arrangement of particles
Arrangement of particles	very closely packed and arranged	closely packed but not arranged	loosely packed and not arranged
Distance between particles	Very small	moderately near	very far apart
Movements of particles	vibrate and rotate about their fixed positions	move freely about	move freely at random and at very high speed
Force of attraction between particles	very strong	quite strong	very weak
Kinetic energy	little energy	moderate energy	a lot of energy
Density	high density	moderate density	low density
Shape	fixed	Follow the shape of the container	Fills the whole container
Volume	fixed	fixed	Follow the volume of the container
Compressibility	Cannot be compressed	Difficult to compress	Easily compressed

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Experiment 2

Aim : To study the arrangement of particles in liquid.

Hypothesis: The particles in liquid are closely packed but not arranged in order.

Method : 50cm³ of water was added to 50cm³of ethanol.

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Observation :

The volume of the mixture of water and ethanol is less than 100cm³.

Conclusion :

The water and ethanol particles fill up each other’s empty spaces.
This shows that liquid particles do not have a fixed arrangement and there are spaces between the particles.

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Experiment 3

Aim : To study the movement of particles in solid.

Hypothesis : The particles of solid cannot move freely, they can only vibrate and rotate.

Method :

A small piece of solid potassium manganate was placed on the surface of a gel in a small test tube.

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Observation :

The purple coloured potassium manganate crystals dispersed very slowly until the whole gel turns purple.
After a few days, the crystal disappear.

colourless

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Conclusion :

The particles of potassium manganate crystals take a long time to disperse throughout the rest of the gel. This is because the space between the gel particles are very small and the particles are in closely packed arrangement.

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Experiment 4

Aim :To study the movement of particles in liquid.

Hypothesis : The particles of liquid can move freely.

Method : A small piece of solid potassium manganate was placed at the base of a test tube that was filled with distilled water.

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Observation

The purple colour of potassium manganate crystal slowly disperses from the base of the test tube to the rest of the water.

After several minutes, the whole test tube of water turns purple.

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Conclusion

The particles of potassium manganate quickly disperse throughout the rest of the solution. This is because the liquid particles can move freely.

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Experiment 5

Aim : To study the movement of particles in gas.

Hypothesis : The particles in gas move freely, at random and at very high speed.

Method :

A drop of bromine water was dropped into a gas jar.

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Observation :

The brown fumes of the bromine vapour disperses very quickly from the base of gas jar to the rest of the space in the gas jar.

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Conclusion :

The gas particles move freely, at random, at a very high speed.
The gas particles are very far apart from each other and there are large empty spaces between the particles.

Bromine particleb

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Experiment 6

Aim : To show that matter is made up of particles.

Hypothesis : Matter is made up of particles.

Method :

100ml of water was poured into a beaker.
A few copper sulphate crystals were put into the water and stirred.
Another 50ml of water was added into the beaker.

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Observation :(draw figure 3.2 (pg5 textbook))

The copper sulphate crystal dissolved in the water and the water turned blue.
When more water was added, the blue colour became lighter.

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Discussion:

When the copper sulphate were put into the water and stirred, the copper sulphate particles moved further apart and distributed evenly among the water particles, hence the solution turned blue.

When more water was added, the colour of the solution become lighter because there are more water particles and the copper sulphate particles moved further apart.

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Conclusion :

Matter are made up of particles.

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Experiment 7

Aim :

Hypothesis:

Observation: The brown colour of nitrogen dioxide gas spreads upwards throughout the both gas jar very quickly.

Conclusion: The particles in gas are arranged very far apart from each other and not in order. There are large empty spaces between gas particles.

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Experiment : Arrangement of particles in solids and liquids.

Aim : To study the arrangement of particles in solids and liquids.

Hypothesis:

Observation :

Test tube A

Test tube B

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Observation:

Test tube A

Test tube B

Variable : the ______ of the _____

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Test tube A: Potassium manganate spread throughout the gel, and the gel turns purple after a few days.

Test tube B: Potassium managanate spread throughout the water, and the water turns purple after a few minutes.

Conclusion: The particles in solid are very closely packed and in order. The particles in liquid are closely packed and not in order.

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Discussion:

The potassium permanganate in which test tube spread faster? Why?

2. Why do we used potassium permanganate in this activity?

3. Beside potassium permanganate, what substance can we use?

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4. What can you infer about the movement of particles in solid and liquid?

5. Identify the variables involved in activity in figure a and b

Constant:

Manipulated:

Responding:

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Brownian Movement

1. The random movement of particles of matter is known as Brownian movement.

2. The Brownian movement takes place in gas and liquid because gas and liquid particles can move randomly.

Brownian movement does not occur in solid because solid particles cannot move freely. That explains why solid cannot flow.

the smoke and air particles are moving freely, randomly, at a very high speed. So, they collide with each other and move in a zig zag manner