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REACTIONS OF ALKYNES-6

DR. K. K. NANDI

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

BKC COLLEGE

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9.11�Addition of Hydrogen Halides�to Alkynes

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Follows Markovnikov's Rule

Alkynes are slightly less reactive than alkenes

HBr

Br

(60%)

CH3(CH2)3C

CH

CH3(CH2)3C

CH2

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Termolecular Rate-Determining Step

CH

..

Br

H

:

..

RC

..

Br

H

:

..

Observed rate law: rate = k[alkyne][HX]2

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Two Molar Equivalents of Hydrogen Halide

(76%)

CH3CH2C

CCH2CH3

2 HF

F

F

C

C

H

H

CH3CH2

CH2CH3

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Free-radical Addition of HBr

regioselectivity opposite to Markovnikov's rule

HBr

(79%)

CH3(CH2)3C

CH

CH3(CH2)3CH

CHBr

peroxides

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9.12�Hydration of Alkynes

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Hydration of Alkynes

expected reaction:

enol

observed reaction:

RCH2CR'

O

H+

RC

CR'

H2O

+

H+

RC

CR'

H2O

+

OH

RCH

CR'

ketone

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Enols

enols are regioisomers of ketones, and exist �in equilibrium with them

keto-enol equilibration is rapid in acidic media

ketones are more stable than enols and�predominate at equilibrium

enol

OH

RCH

CR'

RCH2CR'

O

ketone

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Mechanism of conversion of enol to ketone

O

H

C

C

H

+

O

H

H

:

..

:

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Mechanism of conversion of enol to ketone

O

H

C

C

H

+

O

H

H

:

..

:

:

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Mechanism of conversion of enol to ketone

O

H

C

C

H

H

O

:

:

H

+

..

:

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Mechanism of conversion of enol to ketone

O

H

C

C

H

H

O

:

:

H

+

..

:

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Mechanism of conversion of enol to ketone

O

H

C

C

H

H

O

:

H

+

..

:

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Key Carbocation Intermediate

Carbocation is stabilized by �electron delocalization (resonance)

H

O

C

C

H

..

H

+

O

C

C

H

+

..

:

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Example of Alkyne Hydration

H2O, H+

(89%)

via

CH3(CH2)2C

C(CH2)2CH3

Hg2+

O

CH3(CH2)2CH2C(CH2)2CH3

OH

CH3(CH2)2CH

C(CH2)2CH3

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Regioselectivity

H2O, H2SO4

HgSO4

CH3(CH2)5CCH3

(91%)

via

Markovnikov's rule followed in formation of enol

CH3(CH2)5C

CH2

OH

CH3(CH2)5C

CH

O

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Mechanism:

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HYDROBORATION

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9.13�Addition of Halogens to Alkynes

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Example

+ 2 Cl2

Cl

Cl

(63%)

C

Cl2CH

CH3

HC

CCH3

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Addition is anti

Br2

CH3CH2

CH2CH3

Br

Br

(90%)

CH3CH2C

CCH2CH3

C

C