MATRUSRI ENGINEERING COLLEGE�DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBJECT NAME: ANTENNA & WAVE PROPAGATION (PC504EC)

FACULTY NAME: Dr. Pallavi Khare

ANTENNA & WAVE PROPAGATION

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

1. To familiarize the students with the basic principles of antennas and introduce the antenna terminology.
2. To introduce different types of wire antennas and make proficient in analytical skills for understanding practical antennas.
3. To familiarize with the design of different types of antennas for various frequency ranges and latest developments in the practical antennas.
4. To introduce need for antenna arrays and the concepts of measurements of antennas.
5. To introduce the various modes of Radio Wave propagation used.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

1. To illustrate the basic principles of antennas and learn the antenna terminology
2. To design different types of wire antennas and make proficient in analytical skills for understanding practical antennas.
3. To design different types of antennas for various frequency ranges and get updated with latest developments in the practical antennas.
4. To apply the principles of antennas, to design antenna arrays and measure various parameters of antennas.
5. To identify and understand the suitable modes of radio wave propagation used in current practice.

MATRUSRI

ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Introduction, Fundamental Concepts- Physical concept of radiation, Radiation pattern, Isotropic Radiator, Front–to-back ratio, Antenna Field Regions, Radiation Intensity, Beam Area, Beam Efficiency, Reciprocity, Directivity and Gain, Antenna Apertures, Antenna Polarization, Antenna impedance, Antenna temperature, Friis transmission equation, Retarded potential.

SYLLABUS

MATRUSRI

ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UNIT-1

UNIT-3

Current Distributions, Radiation from Infinitesimal Dipole, Half wave Dipole and Quarter wave Monopole, Loop Antennas - Introduction, Small Loop, Far field pattern of circular loop with uniform current, Comparison of far fields of small loop and short dipole, Slot Antennas, Helical Antennas-Helical Geometry, Helix modes, Practical Design considerations for Mono filar Helical Antenna in Axial and Normal Modes, wideband characteristics, radiation efficiency.

UNIT-2

V-antenna, Rhombic Antenna, Yagi-Uda Antenna, Folded Dipoles & their Characteristics, Log-periodic Antenna, Aperture Antennas- Huygens' principle, Radiation from apertures, Babinet’s principle, Radiation from Horns and design considerations, Parabolic Reflector and Cassegrain Antennas, Lens Antennas, Micro Strip Antennas- Basic characteristics, feeding Methods, Design of Rectangular Patch Antennas, Smart Antennas- Fixed weight Beam Forming basics and Adaptive Beamforming,

SYLLABUS

MATRUSRI

ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UNIT-5

Array of point sources, two element array with equal and unequal amplitudes, different phases, linear n- element array with uniform distribution, Broadside and End fire arrays, Principle of Pattern Multiplication, Effect of inter element phase shift on beam scanning, Binomial array. Antenna Measurements: Introduction, Antenna Test Site and sources of errors, Radiation Hazards, Patterns to be Measured, Radiation, Gain and Impedance Measurement Techniques.

UNIT-4

Ground wave propagation, Space and Surface waves, Troposphere refraction and reflection, Duct propagation, Sky wave propagation, Regular and irregular variations in ionosphere Line of sight propagation.

Recommended Books

1. J. D. Kraus, R. J. Marhefka & amp; Ahmad S. Khan, " Antennas and wave Propagation & quot;, McGraw-Hill, 4rth Edition, 2010.

2. Constantine A. Balanis, & quot; Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design" Wiley, 3^rd edition, Faculty of Engineering O.U. With effect from Academic Year 2020 – 2137 2005

3. Edward C. Jordan and Kenneth G. Balmain, “Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating

Systems,” 2/e, PHI, 2001

4. R.E.Collins, Antennas and Radio Propagation, Singapore: McGraw Hill, 1985.

5. R Harish and M. Sachidananda, Antennas and Wave Propagation, Oxford University Press,2011.

Prerequisites

Needs to have basic concepts on Electromagnetic waves and a good hold on communication systems.

Revision

Cartesian Coordinates

P(x,y,z)

Spherical Coordinates

P(r, θ, Φ)

Cylindrical Coordinates

P(r, θ, z)

x

y

z

P(x,y,z)

θ

z

r

x

y

z

P(r, θ, z)

θ

Φ

r

z

y

x

P(r, θ, Φ)

Cartesian Coordinates

x

y

z

Z plane

y plane

x plane

x₁

y₁

z₁

A_x

A_y

A_z

( x, y, z)

Vector representation

Magnitude of A

Position vector A

Base vector properties

x

y

z

A_x

A_y

A_z

Dot product:

Cross product:

Cartesian Coordinates

Cartesian Coordinates

v= lxbxh

​

Base

Vectors

A₁

Cylindrical Coordinates

( r, θ, z)

Vector representation

Magnitude of A

Position vector A

Base vector properties

Dot product:

Cross product:

B

A

Cylindrical Coordinates

Cylindrical Coordinates

Differential quantities:

​

Length:

​

​

Area:

​

​

​

​

​

​

Volume:

Spherical Coordinates

(R, θ, Φ)

Vector representation

Magnitude of A

Position vector A

Base vector properties

Dot product:

Cross product:

B

A

Spherical Coordinates

Spherical Coordinates

Differential quantities:

​

Length:

​

​

​

​

​

Area:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Volume:

Cartesian to Cylindrical Transformation

General Set of Maxwell’s Equation

Stokes’ Theorem

The surface integral of the curl of a function over a surface bounded by a closed surface is equal to the line integral of the particular vector function around that surface.

Where,

C = A closed curve.

S = Any surface bounded by C.

F = A vector field whose components have continuous derivatives in an open region of R3 containing S.

This classical declaration, along with the classical divergence theorem, fundamental theorem of calculus, and Green’s theorem are exceptional cases of the general formulation specified above.

Divergence Theorem 

• The divergence theorem states that the surface integral of the normal component of a vector point function “F” over a closed surface “S” is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of F⃗taken over the volume “V” enclosed by the surface S. Thus, the divergence theorem is symbolically denoted as: