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Course: Mental Health Nursing

Topic: Etiology Models

The Nurses International Community

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COPYRIGHT

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Module Goals

Learners will be able to:

Outline the key features of the Biologic model
Outline the key features of the psychodynamic model
Outline the key features of the behavioral model
Outline the key features of the Epidemiology and age of onset model
Explain the relevance of etiology models related to nursing care

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Biological Psychology

McLeod, 2017

The study of the biology of behavior
Also called physiological psychology
Focuses on:

The nervous system
Hormones and
Genetics

Biological Psychology examines:

The relationship between mind and body
Neural mechanisms, and
The influence of heredity on behavior

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Biological Psychology

McLeod, 2017

Behavior is a consequence of genetics and physiology.

Examines thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from a biological and thus physical point of view.

All thoughts, feeling, and behavior ultimately have a biological cause.

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Biologic Model

Bridley, & Daffin, 2018

The proponents of this model views mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body.
Biological model explain:

How communication in the nervous system occurs
The are the parts of the nervous system
What is a neuron and its structure
How neural transmission occurs, and
What are the parts of the brain

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Biological Approach

A biological perspective is relevant to the study of psychology in three ways:
Comparative method:

Different species of animals can be studied and compared to understand human behavior

Physiology:

How the nervous system and hormones work
How the brain functions
How changes in structure and/or function can affect behavior
For example:How prescribed drugs that treat depression affect behavior through their interaction.

McLeod, 2017

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Biological Approach

Inheritance/Genetics:

What an animal inherits from its parents, mechanisms of inheritance (genetics)
For example: to know whether high intelligence is inherited from one generation to the next

Each of these biological aspects (the comparative, the physiological (i.e., the brain) and the genetic) can help explain human behavior.

McLeod, 2017

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Basic Assumptions of Biological Approach

Psychology should be seen as a science, to be studied in a scientific manner.

Behavior can be largely explained in terms of biology (e.g., genes/hormones).

Human genes have evolved over millions of years to adapt behavior to the environment.

(Therefore, most behavior will have an adaptive / evolutionary purpose)

McLeod, 2017

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Key Features of Biological Approach

McLeod, 2017

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Critical Thinking Question

Biological psychology believes the human behavior is consequences of physiology and…………

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Psychodynamic Model

Sigmund Freud developed a collection of theories which have formed the basis of the psychodynamic approach to psychology
The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology:

Human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person
(particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality)

McLeod, 2017

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Basic Assumptions of Psychodynamic Model

Behavior and feelings as adults (including psychological problems) are rooted in childhood experiences.
All behavior has a cause (usually unconscious), even slips of the tongue.
States that events in childhood have a great influence on adult lives, shaping our personality.
Feelings, motives, and decisions are actually powerfully influenced by past experiences, and stored in the unconscious.
Events that occur in childhood can remain in the unconscious, and cause problems as adults.

(McLeod, 2017)

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Our feelings, motives, and decisions are actually powerfully influenced by our past experiences, and stored in the unconscious
The id is the primitive and instinctive component of personality. It consists of all the inherited (i.e., biological) components of personality present at birth, including the sex (life) instinct – Eros (which contains the libido), and the aggressive (death) instinct - Thanatos.
The ego develops in order to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. It is the decision making component of personality.
The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one's parents and others.
Parts of the unconscious mind (the id and superego) are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind (the ego). This conflict creates anxiety, which could be dealt with by the ego’s use of

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Critical Thinking Question

According to psychodynamic model human behaviors and feelings are influenced by childhood experience. (True or false)

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Behaviorist Approach

Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology.

All behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called conditioning.

Thus, behavior is simply a response to environmental stimuli.

McLeod, 2017

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Basic Assumptions of Behaviorist Approach

Psychology should be seen as a science, to be studied in a scientific manner.

Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events like thinking.

Behavior is the result of stimulus–response (i.e., all behavior, no matter how complex, can be reduced to a simple stimulus – response features).

Behavior is determined by the environment (e.g., conditioning, nurture).

McLeod, 2017

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Key Features of Behaviorist Approach

Stimulus-Response
Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Conditioning):

Behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is less likely to be repeated.

Schedules of Reinforcement:

A reinforcement schedule is a rule stating which instances of behavior, if any, will be reinforced.

McLeod , 2017

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Key Features of Behaviorist Approach

Classical Conditioning:

In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.

Nomothetic:

the nomothetic approach involves establishing laws or generalizations that apply to all people.

Reductionism:

the belief that human behavior can be explained by breaking it down into smaller component parts.

McLeod, 2017

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Critical Thinking Question

According to the behavioral approach, the behavior is response of ………….

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Descriptive Epidemiology

The 5W’s of descriptive epidemiology are:

What = health issue of concern
Who = person
Where = place
When = time
Why/how = causes, risk factors, modes of transmission

Descriptive epidemiology covers time, place, and person

CDC, 2012

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Descriptive Epidemiology

Time:

The occurrence of disease changes over time.
Some of these changes occur regularly, while others are unpredictable.

Place:

The occurrence of disease by place provides insight into the geographic extent of the problem and its geographic variation.

Person:

Attributes include age, sex, ethnicity/race, socioeconomic status, immune status,marital status, occupation, leisure activities, use of medications/tobacco/drugs.

CDC, 2018

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Age at Onset of Mental Disorders Worldwide

The global onset of the first mental disorder occurs:

Before age 14 in one-third of individuals
Age 18 in almost half (48.4%),
Before age 25 in half (62.5%)
With a peak/median age at onset of 14.5/18 years across all mental disorders.

Solmi et al., 2021

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Relevance of Etiology Models to Nursing Care

Etiology Models help the nurse:

Understand the causes of mental illness.
Assess the root causes of the illness.
Determine the needs of the client.
Plan care according to the needs of the client.
Educate the client and family regarding the etiology of the certain diseases.
Help clients and family prevent mental illness through education to avoid actions that could lead to mental illness in future.

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Critical Thinking Question

What is the relevance of etiology models to nursing practice?

(Select all that apply)

Understand the causes of illness
Determine the needs of clients
Plan the care according to client need
Help to prevent mental illness

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Cultural Considerations

Cultural considerations may impact the appropriateness of personal space when providing client care.

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References:

Bridley, A. & Daffin L W. (2018). Essential of Abnormal Psychology. 1st Edi. Washington State University. https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormalpsychology/

CDC, (May 18, 2012). Introduction to Epidemiology: Descriptive Epidemiology https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section6.html

McLeod, S. A. (2017). Biological psychology. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/biological-psychology.html

McLeod, S. A. (2017). Psychodynamic approach. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/psychodynamic.html

McLeod, S. A. (2017, Febuary 05). Behaviorist approach. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html

Solmi, M., Radua, J., Olivola, M., Croce, E., Soardo, L., Salazar de Pablo, G., Il Shin, J., Kirkbride, J. B., Jones. P., Han Kim, J., Yeob Kim, J., Carvalho, A. F., Seeman, M. V., Correll, C. U., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2021). Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: Large scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Molecular Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01161-7

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