Introduction into�
Operating Systems
Linux
Linux is a OS widely used for its wide range of uses and many different distros. Each distro can be as lightweight or as heavily modified as a user needs. Popular distros include Ubuntu, Pop!Os, Fedora, and Debian. It is very important for networking and many companies around the world use it. It is massively different from windows and many systems use command line to operate.
Linux File system
Navigating the Linux Filesystem is easy. The Linux file system is different from windows. Instead of the letters representing each drive, Linux has all files under root(/). Each drive will be listed underneath root as(/etc)
Navigate the Linux filesystem tree
What is the pwd command an acronym for? What about the cd command?
Explain the differences between a relative path and an absolute/full path in Linux.
References:
Create directories and files
You can use the tree command to view all the files and directories on the system.
Copy and remove directories and files
You can use mkdir to make directories and rmdir to erase directories.
Locate directories and files
You can locate files on the system by searching for them with the locate command.
Linux Shell Scripts�
Changing the path allows a user to access a script without having to type out the entire directory in which it is located.
Create a shell script
What are the file permissions of the script?
What’s the name of the user-defined variable in the script?
Which redirection meta-character is used in the script? What does it do?
References:
Change script file permissions
You can change the permissions of a file by doing the command chmod.
Set the PATH variable
You can set the path variable by doing
PATH=$PATH:/any directory
Make the PATH variable permanent
To make the path permanent you can use the command
sudo nano /etc/profile
You can then add the path modification by putting
Export PATH=$PATH:/any directory
Then closing and saving.
Creating and removing users within Linux�
We can create new users within Linux so multiple people can use a system. It is important to give them the correct permissions so they can use the system without accessing files they should not be able to use. This is very important for security.
Add users and groups in CLI
What does the –m option in the useradd command do?
What does the -3 option in the tail command do?
Which line of the /etc/group file lists members of the “students” group?
References:
Test user and group settings
Add users in GUI
Here we can see the user john has the same permissions as student and can use todolist.
Remove users and groups
Users can be removed with the userdel command
Network Configuration�
It is important to understand how to properly configure your network on Linux so you can use the internet and other networks on your system.
Discover host IP configurations
What is the IP address of your Ubuntu machine?
What is the IP address of its default gateway?
What is the IP address of its DHCP server?
Answer here:
What is the IP address of its DNS server?
Manage network interfaces
Which DHCP message is shown in the output of the sudo dhclient –v –r ens33 command?
Which four DHCP messages are shown in the output of the sudo dhclient –v ens33 command?
Using network utilities
System Performance Monitoring�
It is important to monitor your system to ensure it is operating with full efficiency. Monitoring both your network is an important step to ensure your computer is secure and working properly.
Monitor Linux processes
What is the default action of the 15 SIGTERM kill signal?
In the System Monitor window, click on % CPU to sort the processes by CPU load. Which process shows the highest percentage of CPU usage?
References:
Monitor user activities
Issue the sudo accton on command to turn on GNC accounting. Run the sudo updatedb command. Enter lastcomm updatedb to check if the updatedb command was executed before. Remember to turn off GNC accounting (sudo accton off) after.
What flag value is displayed in the output?
Why is the name of the user who ran the processes shown as root, not student?
References:
Monitor network bandwidth usage
You can monitor how much bandwidth a program is using. This is an important step in ensuring the security of your system.
Challenges
Although I have used Linux before I did not have much experience using the command line. I have only used it to install applications and work with small Python projects. One of my main challenges I faced when working with Linux was ensuring I remembered the many commands that are used to operate it. I have constantly forgotten many commands and had made many typos making It hard to operate at times.
Another challenged I faced was when I got to my final slide (the conclusion slide) on the project, I had accidently closed the PowerPoint and had to redo the entire thing because for some reason auto save was not enabled by default and I forgot to save. thanks Microsoft :’)
Career skills gained
Conclusion
This project helped further my understanding of Linux systems and how to use their command line properly. I had learned how to secure the Linux system by properly setting permissions and assigning groups to users. I had gotten hands on experience operating a Linux system.