Chapter 25

The New Imperialism

British Empire

When Edward VII inherited the British throne, a writer boasted “The sun never sets on the British Empire”

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What do you think he means by this statement?

The Times have Changed….

Section I – A Western Dominated World

• Western countries had political and economic power

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• Imperialism – Domination by one country of the political, economic, and cultural life of another country or region

Causes of New Imperialism

• Economic Interests
• Natural resources → Rubber, petroleum, palm oil

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• Markets to sell goods
• Colonized people were sold factory made goods

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• Political and military interests
• Nationalism! Nations wanted bases around the world

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• Humanitarian goals
• Missionaries and medical relief efforts

Social Darwinism

• Remember Charles Darwin and his ideas on evolution?
• “Survival of the fittest”

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• Now used by Westerners to support racial superiority
• Superior Europeans improved society by conquering weaker nations
• “White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling

Reasons for Western Success

• 1870-1914- INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• Non-western empires weak → Ex: Ottoman Empire
• Western advantages like
• Strong economies
• Organized governments
• Powerful militaries
• Superior technology
• Medical knowledge
• Machine guns
• Warships - steam

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Types of Rule

• Colonial Direct rule → Sent officials directly to the colonized nation
• Colonial Indirect rule → Ruled indirectly through sultans, chiefs or other local rulers
• Protectorate – Local rulers left in place but follow advice of European rulers
• Spheres of Influence – Outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Which Type of Rule is it?

• In British controlled India, local Indian Princes ruled and conducted most of the day-to-day operations.

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• The children of the princes were encouraged to get an education in Britain. That way a new generation of “westernized” Indian leaders was created to spread British civilization.

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INDIRECT RULE!!! →

Local leaders left in charge

Which Type of Rule is it?

• Following the Spanish-American War in 1898, Cuba became an independent island nation.

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• The Platt Amendment (signed by Cuba and the USA) states that Cuba has the right to self govern and carry on as they please. Also, the United States will protect them from any foreign intervention by outside nations.

PROTECTORATE!!! → Country follows advice from imperial nations and is protected from any harm

Which Type of Rule is it?

• In French colonies like Algeria, French officials and soldiers were ordered to administer rule to the colony and impose French culture

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• DIRECT RULE!!! → Officials were sent directly from France to rule

Which Type of Rule is it?

In the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, Teddy Roosevelt stated that the US, not European countries had exclusive rights to trade and invest in Latin America

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SPHERE OF INFLUENCE

-Exclusive rights to trade and invest in a territory or colony ($$$$$)

Section II – Partition of Africa

Africa Before Imperialism

• North Africa – Mostly controlled by Ottoman Empire (dying empire)

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• West Africa – Muslim (Islamic) states – trade, farming, and herding

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• East Africa- Islam – Profitable slave trade

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• Southern Africa – Zulus (African warriors) vs. Boers (Dutch farmers)

European vs. Zulu Warfare

140 British vs. 4,000 Zulus

Early Explorers

• Mungo Park
• Richard Burton

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• Wanted to map out the large rivers of Africa like the Nile and the Congo

Missionaries

• Wanted to win people to Christianity

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• Built schools, medical clinics and churches → Encouraged Western ideas

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• Campaigned against the slave trade

Dr. David Livingstone

• Explored Africa for 30 years
• Opposed slave trade
• “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”

Chapter 25

The New Imperialism

THETRUESIZE.COM

Should We Adopt a New Type of Map???- Article discussion

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PETERS PROJECTION MAP…. Should we switch?!?

King Leopold II

• King of Belgium
• Hired Henry Stanley to explore Congo River Basin
• Controlled Belgian Congo
• His actions began a scramble for colonies in Africa

Horrors in the Congo

• King Leopold and other wealthy Belgians used the Congo as their personal hunting grounds
• Exploited copper, rubber and ivory

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• African workers were worked hard, beaten and mutilated

Berlin Conference (1884)

• International conference→ Africans were not invited
• European powers recognized Belgium’s claims to the Congo
• Free trade on the Congo and Niger Rivers
• European countries couldn’t claim any part of Africa unless it set up a government office
• Nearly all of Africa was carved up
• Borders were redrawn without regard to settlement or ethnic boundaries
• How might this be an issue in the future???

Exploitation

French Colonies

British Colonies

Portuguese Colonies

Others

• Italy
• Libya and The horn of Africa – Ethiopia, Somalia

• Germany
• Tanzania, Namibia

Question of the Day #4- 1-7-16

Why were explorers and missionaries considered “celebrities” and “rockstars” back in the late 1800’s?

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Who was one of the most famous explorers who traveled across Africa for 30 years?

Resistance

• Algerians – Samori Toure
• Women Queens - Yaa Asantewaa and Nehanda

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• Menelik II (Ethiopia)- Hired European experts to modernize his country.
• Defeated Italian invaders at the battle of Adowa

Section III – European Challenges to the Muslim World

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Muslim Empires

• Ottoman Turks
• Mughal - India
• Safavids – Iran

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• Wahabi Movement- Focused on Muhammad’s teachings (strict rules of behavior) Arab prince who led the movement urged Muslims to oppose Ottoman rule
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Problems of the Ottomans

• Corrupt Pashas- Local rulers
• Internal revolts – Multi-nationalism
• Greeks, Serbs, and Bulgarians gained independence
• Tried to Westernize
• Young Turks overthrew Sultan – 1908
• Liberal group, wanted reforms (constitution)
• Ottomans committed genocide against Armenians

Armenian Genocide

• Traditionally, the Ottoman Empire let minorities practice their own religions

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• Armenians= Christian
• Minority group in Turkey

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• Muslim Turks accused Armenians of supporting Russian plans against Ottoman Empire
• Between 800,000-1.5 million Armenians killed

Armenian Genocide

“The Promise”- 2016 Movie About the Armenian Genocide

Modernizing Egypt

• Muhammad Ali – Father of modern Egypt – economic and political reforms
• He expanded cotton production and increased Egyptian trade
• Built up a modern army

Suez Canal

• Funded by French entrepreneur Ferdinand de Lesseps
• Connected Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea – opened 1869
• Britain took control
• Made Egypt a Protectorate
• Canal was a “lifeline to India”

Iran and Europeans

• Qajar Shahs ruled Iran 1794-1925
• Made reforms
• Russia controlled North
• British controlled South
• They set up spheres of influence
• Discovered Oil in early 1900’s made Iran a coveted place in Middle East

Section IV – The British Takeover of India

East India Company

• British East India Trading Company
• Main goal: Make $$$$$$
• Mughal Empire crumbled
• Indians were not united

British Policies in India

• Christianity- Missionaries tried to convert Indians
• End Slavery and Caste System
• Caste system= Social hierarchy

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• Outlawing Sati- Women throwing themselves on husband’s funeral fires
• **British wanted to improve the position of women**

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Sepoy Rebellion- CAUSES

• Sepoy= Indian soldiers in East India Co.
• Upset by new policies:

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1. Required to travel overseas- Against Hindu religion

2. Hindu widows can re-marry

3. Forced to bite off new cartridges to load rifles → Cartridges were lined with animal fat

Either fat of cows (Hindus considered sacred) or pig (forbidden by Muslims)

Sepoy Rebellion

• Angry Sepoys rose up against their British officers
• Some marched to Delhi, the old Mughal capital
• Others brutally massacred British men, women and children
• British crushed revolt
• Took terrible revenge → Torched villages, slaughtered thousands of Indians
• British ended East India Company’s rule
• Put India under control of British crown

British Colonial Rule

• A Viceroy governed India in name of the Queen→ Indians filled most other positions
• British viewed India as a market and a source of raw materials
• Urged farmers to grow cash crops like cotton and jute
• Better agricultural and medical improvements led to population explosion

Different Views on Culture

• Upper class Indians learned English and adopted western ways
• Western educated Indians looked to end imperial rule→ Not what the British intended!
• 1885 they set up Indian National Congress and called for greater democracy
• Independence was not achieved until 1947

Section V – China and New Imperialism

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The Trade Issue

• For years China heavily regulated trade with other nations

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• China enjoyed a trade surplus- Exporting more than they imported
• Western nations had a trade deficit- buying more from China than they sold to them

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• Countries like Britain wanted to open more ports in China

Silk

Porcelain

Tea

China had trade surplus, other countries

had a trade deficit with China

British in China

• British made huge profits trading opium grown in India for tea in China
• Chinese become addicted
• Chinese govt. outlaws drug, executes drug dealers
• This started the Opium War in 1839
• 1842 – China accepted the Treaty of Nanjing… at gunpoint
• Britain received:
• Indemnity (payment for the war)
• Island of Hong Kong
• More trading ports

Poppy… Not just used for Opium

Opium War

Internal Problems in China

• Corruption, tax evasion and massive flooding burdened the peasants
• Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) led by Hong Xiuquan
• Demands:
• Land Reform
• Community ownership of property
• Equality of women
• End of the Qing dynasty- #1 demand
• Government crushed the rebellion
• 20-30 million died

Taiping Rebellion

Hong Xiuquan

Reform Efforts in China

• Self-Strengthening Movement
• Imported Western technology:
• Modern weapons
• Factories
• Railroads
• Shipyards
• Mining
• Government wasn’t on board → Process was slow

Weaknesses

• China lost Taiwan in Sino-Japanese War

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• Westerners took advantage of Weaknesses and carved out spheres of influence
• Germans, French, British, and Russians

Open Door Policy- Boxer Rebellion

• 1899 – U.S. called to keep trade open to everyone → “Open Door Policy”
• Boxer Uprising – foreigners were attacked everywhere in China by Martial artists→ Also called “Boxers”
• Rebellion crushed by multinational force
• China made concessions to foreigners
• 1908 China in Chaos – Qing Dynasty toppled – Republic set up