UNIT 1

Fundamentals of Computers & Problem Solving in C

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Basics of Computers – Introduction

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Input-Process-Output Model�

• Basics of Computers - Classification

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• Desktop
• Laptop
• Tablet
• Server
• Mainframe
• Supercomputer
• History of Computers
• Abacus
• Structure
• Napier’s Bones
• Pascaline
• Stepped Reckoner or Leibniz wheel
• Analytical Engine
• Tabulating Machine
• Differential Analyzer

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Introduction

• Input-Process-Output Model
• Input Unit
• Output Unit
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic Logic Unit
• Memory
• Characteristics of Computer
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Reliability
• Versatility
• Storage Capacity

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Generations of Computers�

• First Generation Computers
• Second Generation Computers
• Third Generation Computers
• Fourth Generation Computers
• Fifth Generation Computers

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Anatomy Of A Computer�

UNIT 2

Overview of C

Character Set in C�

C TOKEN

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Introduction:

• Character Set is a collection of permissible characters that can be used in a variety of contexts by the program. In this article, we covered the history of Character encodings.
• Types of Character Set
• Source Character Set (SCS)
• Execution Character Set (ECS)

VARIABLES�

Declaring (Creating) Variables

Syntax

type variableName = value;

Example

Create a variable called myNum of type int and assign the value 15 to it:

int myNum = 15;

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DATA TYPES �

OPERATORS

ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS�

EVALUATION OF EXPRESSION�

PRECEDENCE OF ARITHMETIC OPERATORS�

FORMATTED INPUT AND OUTPUT.

UNIT:3

Decision Making , Looping and Arrays

IF

IF….ELSE

NESTING OF IF …ELSE STATEMENTS

ELSE IF LADDER

#include<stdio.h>

void main ()

{

   int a,b,c,d;

   printf("Enter the values of a,b,c,d: ");  

 scanf("%d%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c,&d);  

 if(a>b && a>c && a>d)

{      

printf("%d is the largest",a);  

 }

else if(b>c && b>a && b>d)

{      

printf("%d is the largest",b);  

 }

else if(c>d && c>a && c>b)

{      

printf("%d is the largest",c);  

 }

Else

{      

printf("%d is the largest",d);  

 }

}

Output

You will see the following output −

Run 1:Enter the values of a,b,c,d: 2 4 6 8 8 is the largest Run 2: Enter the values of a,b,c,d: 23 12 56 23 56 is the largest

Switch Statement in C�

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int choice;

printf("Enter a number (1-3): ");

scanf("%d", &choice);

switch (choice) {

case 1:

printf("You entered 1.\n");

break;

case 2:

printf("You entered 2.\n");

break;

case 3:

printf("You entered 3.\n");

break;

default:

printf("Invalid number.\n");

break;

}

return 0;

}

Output:

Enter a number (1-3): 2 You entered 2.

The ?: Operator

Syntax of Conditional/Ternary Operator in C

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• The conditional operator can be in the form

variable = Expression1 ? Expression2 : Expression3;

Or the syntax can also be in this form

variable = (condition) ? Expression2 : Expression3;

THE GOTO STATEMENT

• Syntax:
• label:   
• //some part of the code;   
• goto label;  

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1. #include <stdio.h>  
2. int main()   
3. {  
4.   int num,i=1;   
5.   printf("Enter the number whose table you want to print?");   
6.   scanf("%d",&num);  
7.   table:   
8.   printf("%d x %d = %d\n",num,i,num*i);  
9.   i++;  
10.   if(i<=10)  
11.   goto table;    
12. }  

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Decision Making and Looping

The while statement

Flowchart of while loop in C

While loop example program

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1. #include<stdio.h>  
2. int main(){    
3. int i=1,number=0,b=9;    
4. printf("Enter a number: ");    
5. scanf("%d",&number);    
6. while(i<=10){    
7. printf("%d \n",(number*i));    
8. i++;    
9. }    
10. return 0;  
11. }   

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Output

Enter a number: 50 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

THE DO STATEMENT

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1. #include<stdio.h>  
2. #include<stdlib.h>  
3. void main ()  
4. {  
5.     char c;  
6.     int choice, dummy;    
7.     do{  
8.     printf("\n1. Print Hello\n2. Print Java point\n3. Exit\n");  
9.     scanf("%d",&choice);  
10.     switch(choice)  
11.     {  
12.         case 1 :   
13.         printf("Hello");   
14.         break;  
15.         case 2:    
16.         printf("Java point");  
17.         break;  
18.         case 3:  
19.         exit(0);   
20.         break;  
21.         default:   
22.         printf("please enter valid choice");      
23.     }  
24.     printf("do you want to enter more?");   
25.     scanf("%d",&dummy);  
26.     scanf("%c",&c);  
27.     }while(c=='y');  
28. }  

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Output

1. Print Hello 2. Print Java point 3. Exit 1 Hello do you want to enter more? y 1. Print Hello 2. Print Javatpoint 3. Exit 2 Javatpoint do you want to enter more? n

The for statement

syntax

Types of Jump Statements in C

• There are 4 types of jump statements in C:

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• break
• continue
• goto
• return

Syntax of break in C

break;

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

int i;

// for loop

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

// when i = 6, the loop should end

if (i == 6) {

break;

}

printf("%d ", i);

}

printf("Loop exited.\n");

return 0;

}

Output

1 2 3 4 5 Loop exited.

Arrays:

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// C Program to print Array

// of strings

#include <stdio.h>

// Driver code

int main()

{

char arr[3][10] = {"Geek",

"Geeks", "Geekfor"};

printf("String array Elements are:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)

{

printf("%s\n", arr[i]);

}

return 0;

}

Unit:4

Nesting of�Functions

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)

{

printf("Main");

int fun()

{

printf("fun");

// defining view() function inside fun() function

int view()

{

printf("view");

}

return 1;

}

view()

Recursion

The Scope,Visibility and Lifetime of�Variables

Structures

// C program to illustrate the use of structures

#include <stdio.h>

// declaring structure with name str1

struct str1 {

int i;

char c;

float f;

char s[30];

};

// declaring structure with name str2

struct str2 {

int ii;

char cc;

float ff;

} var; // variable declaration with structure template

Union

Unit:5

Pointers: Introduction

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conclusion