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Growth of Cities

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Country --> City

Turner’s Thesis: end of the frontier

    continuation of urbanization

    railheads

    mining cities

Innovations

    streetcars                      subways

    elevators                       automobiles

    skyscrapers                   suspension bridges

Urban Sprawl

    emerging middle class

    little central planning

    few parks

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City Problems

Tenements

Political Machines

    bosses (New York: Tammany Hall)

Lure of the cities

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Immigration

Push factors

Pull factors

Pre-1880 Immigration: German & Celtic origin

                                  Northern, Western Europe

1870s: changes begin: Latin, Slavic, Jewish people

1890 onward: Southern, Eastern Europe

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1900-1910: peak decade (8.8 million)

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Italians

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Czechs

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Hungarians

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Slovaks

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Poles

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Serbs

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Croats

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Russians

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Romanians

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Greeks

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Bulgarians

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Ukrainians

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Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians

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Jews

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Settlement Houses

Jane Addams (1860-1935)

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Immigration: Ellis Island

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