Day 6 Quiz #4

Intro to Psychology

Quiz 4

1. If you compare male and female High School students hygiene practices then you will find girls are more hygienic. What is the Independent and what is the dependant?

2. What do we call the group of people who receive the treatment in an experiment? What do we call the group who don’t?

3. A treatment or substance that has no effect apart from a person’s belief in it.

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Quiz 4

Bonus: What do we call a study where the participants do not know whether they are receiving the real drug or the fake one.

Bonus: What do we call a study where both the participants and the researchers do not know whether they are receiving the real drug or the fake one.

Answers to Quiz 4

1. Gender is the Independent. Hygiene is the Dependent.

2. Experimental group, Control group

3. Placebo

Bonus: Single Blind Study

Bonus: Double Blind Study

Reminders

-Name Test will be the day after the Unit 1 Test

-If you would like to present your paper or research project for extra credit, you need to have them completed before next class period.

-Unit 1 Test is on Wed. the 11 of September

Plan for the day

-Answer students questions about the surveys.

-Observations

-Experiments

-Gathering and analyzing your data

Types of Observations

• Testing
• Case Study
• Longitudinal
• Cross Section
• Naturalistic
• Laboratory

Testing

• -Intelligence Test
• -Aptitude Test
• -Personality Test

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Case Study

• Definition: Investigation of an individual or small group.
• -Observe, speak with, and interview those that know them
• -Investigate their backgrounds and personal history
• EX: Genie age 20 months - 13 years.
• -Language Development (Can’t repeat it.)
• -Be careful with generalizations because, again, you are learning about that one individual or group. They don’t necessarily represent the world.
• -A lot is based on someone’s memories. This leaves a lot of room for error.

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Longitudinal

• Definition: studying the change of an individual or group over a long period of time. (Developmental research)

Cross Sectional

• Less time than a longitudinal. Take a group of people from different age groups and study the differences in each group. EX. 1 year olds, 2 year olds, 3 year olds, and compare the difference in language development as a whole.
• -Less reliable than a longitudinal.

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Naturalistic vs. Laboratory

• The Naturalistic Observation Method (Field Study): Watching people interact naturally, or without interference.
• Laboratory Observation: Observing within a controlled environment of some sort.

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Analyzing Observations

• You need to start with a list of observable behaviors
• Go back to your operational Definitions.
• Correlations: measure how closely one thing is related to another. Relation between characteristics and traits. EX: need for achievement & job advancement, stress & health, good grades & extracurricular activities.
• Positive & Negative Correlations: As one goes up so does the other. (Achievement and salary) As one goes up the other goes down. (Stress & health)
• If the correlation doesn’t match up there is most likely other factors involved.
• Just because there is a correlation, it doesn’t mean that one causes the other.
• Does not reveal cause and effect.

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Correlational Method

• Correlation expresses a relationship between two variable.
• Does not show causation.

As more ice cream is eaten, more people are murdered.

Does ice cream cause murder, or murder cause people to eat ice cream?

Types of Correlation

Positive Correlation

• The variables go in the SAME direction.

Negative Correlation

• The variables go in opposite directions.

Studying and grades hopefully has a positive correlation.

Heroin use and grades probably has a negative correlation.

Scatterplots

Perfect positive

correlation (+1.00)

Scatterplot is a graph comprised of points that are generated by values of two variables. The slope of the points depicts the direction, while the amount of scatter depicts the strength of the relationship.

Scatterplots

No relationship (0.00)

Perfect negative

correlation (-1.00)

The Scatterplot on the left shows a negative correlation, while the one on the right shows no relationship between the two variables.

Scatterplot

The Scatterplot below shows the relationship between height and temperament in people. There is a moderate positive correlation of +0.63.

Experiments

• Only thing that will show you cause and effect
• You can only do this if you control all other variables.
• Independent (IF) & Dependent (Then) variables
• Ex: If you are tall then you will be a better basketball player
• Ex: If you take this sleeping pill you will sleep longer
• Ex: If you study you will get higher grades

Experiments Continued

• Experimental & Control Groups
• Those who take the pill and those who don’t
• Random Sample vs. Random Assignment
• Single Blind & Double Blind Studies