CHAPTER 7

MOTIVATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this unit, the student will be able to

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• Describe the meaning and concepts of motivation
• Describe types and cycle of motivation
• Elaborate the theories of motivation and its implications to nursing.

CHAPTER OUTLINE

• Meaning and definition of motivation.
• Concept of motivation.
• Nature of motivation.
• Characteristics of motivation.
• Forms of motivation.
• The motivation cycle.
• Types of motives.
• Theories of motivation.

• Motivation is the process of arousing the action, sustaining the activity in process and regulating the pattern of activity.

—Young, 1961

• Motivation refers to the states within a person or animal that drives behaviour toward some goals.

—Morgan and King, 1975

DEFINITION

CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTIVATION

FORMS OF MOTIVATION

Self-

motivation

Intrinsic

motivation

Extrinsic

motivation

Positive and

negative

motivation

MOTIVATIONAL CYCLE

Needs

Drives

Incentives

Homeostasis

TYPES OF MOTIVATION/MOTIVES

BIOLOGICAL DRIVES

These motives are primarily concerned with satisfaction of basic needs of human such as hunger, thirst, sex, temperature regulation, sleep, elimination, rest and sleep, pain avoidance and a need for oxygen.

BIOLOGICAL DRIVES

SOCIAL MOTIVES

Human beings are not only biological but are also social. Therefore, human behavior to a large extent activated by social motives. To love and to be loves, to give and to take, to associate, to affiliate and tombelong are some of the strongest social needs of human being. These are called social motives.

TYPES OF SOCIAL MOTIVES

SELF ACTUALISATION MOTIVATION

This motive was put forward by Maslow (1954).

Self-actualization refers to an individual’s needs to develop his/her own potentialities to do what he/she is capable of doing. ‘Self-actualizer’ is the person who makes the fullest use of his/her capabilities.

PERSONAL MOTIVES

• Attitudes
• Interests
• Levels of Aspiration
• Goal of Life
• Force of Habit

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

1. DRIVE THEORY
2. INCENTIVE THEORY
3. HOMEOSTASIS THEORY
4. HUMANISTIC THEORY
5. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
6. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

DRIVE THEORY

It is also known as push theory of motivation.

Because behavior is ‘pushed’ toward goals by driving states within the person or animal. When an internal driving state is aroused, the person is pushed or forced to engage in behavior that will lead to a goal which ultimately reduces the intensity of the driving state.

INCENTIVE THEORY

In contrast with the push or drive theory, incentive theory is known as pull theory of motivation, because here individual get attracted toward some goal as that goal or objects cause pull behavior toward them. The goal objects which motivate

behavior are known as incentives.

HOMEOSTASIS THEORY

Homeostasis theory might be called ‘Just-right theory’. For example, a healthy body maintains a certain amount of water level, certain degree of body temperature and a constant rate of blood pressure. The amount of sugar in the blood should be optimal. In an attempt to maintain internal physiological balance, body tries to regulate itself. This process is automatic in nature and is referred as homeostasis.

• Humanistic theory was proposed by Abraham Maslow (1954) which states that human behavior is motivated by creativity and self-motivation.
• Maslow classifies motives into five categories and arranged them in a hierarchical fashion.
• Basic biological needs form the base of this hierarchy.
• The five needs are arranged according to their importance in an ascending order.

HUMANISTIC THEORY

Humanistic motives

Social learning theory formulated by Albert Bandura sees human behavior as learned through interaction with and observation of the environment.The theory emphasize on individual’s learning by observation and imitation.

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

This theory was proposed by Sigmund Freud that states human actions are determined by their inner forces or impulses often operating below the level of consciousness. Freud believed that all behavior stemmed from two opposing groups of instincts, i.e.:

1. The Life Instincts (Eros) that enhances life:

2. The Death Instincts (thanatos) that push towards destruction

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MOTIVATION AND NURSING

• Nurse has to remember that motives are at work in the life of patients, colleagues and his/her own daily relationship.
• Understanding own motives and motives in the patient will help the nurse to build a cooperative relationship between the patient and the health care team.
• The nurse should always be aware about satisfaction of the primary needs.The patient’s need for proper food, water or fluids and a constant supply of air or oxygen should be met.
• He/she must feed patients who are unable to eat by themselves.Similarly, cover them with blankets and also help them in their elimination needs.

CHAPTER SUMMARY

Motivation is the driving and pulling forces which results in persistent behavior directed towards a particular goal. The motivational cycle starts from motives which originates due to some need. Various theories explain motivation. Drive theory says that behavior is pushed towards goals by driving states within the person. Psychoanalytic theory states that human actions are determined by their inner forces or impulses often operating at unconsciousness level. Nurse should have proper understanding of motives while caring of patients.

ASSESS YOURSELF