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Learning Review

Flashcards for Terms on the Test

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Definition

  • The type of learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates others is called…

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Answer

  • Observational Learning

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Definition

  • A response that is natural, automatic, or not learned, is called a(n)…

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  • Unconditioned Response

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Definition

  • A(n) ___________ reinforcer increases the frequency of the behavior it follows when it is added to the environment.

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  • Positive Reinforcer

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Definition

  • The method of __________ involves exposing a person to a harmless stimulus until he or she is no longer afraid of it.

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  • Flooding

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  • On a ___________ schedule, reinforcements are provided only after a certain number of correct responses have been made.

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  • Fixed Ratio

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Definition

  • A type of stimulus that was formerly neutral and takes on new meaning by being associated with something else is called a(n)

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  • Conditioned Stimulus

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Definition

  • This kind of reinforcement occurs when a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.

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  • Continuous Reinforcement

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Definition

  • ___________ is the method of teaching complex behaviors by breaking them down into manageable parts.

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  • Shaping

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Definition

  • A(n) ___________ reinforcer is learned and becomes effective by first being paired with such reinforcers as food and shelter.

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  • Primary Reinforcer

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Definition

  • Reinforcements are applied with a set amount of time between them on a________ schedule.

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  • Fixed Interval

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Definition

  • __________ is the learning that occurs while a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and it is repeated over and over. The initial learning of new response.

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  • Acquisition

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Definition

  • Form of classical conditioning in which a food comes to be avoided

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  • Taste Aversion

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Definition

  • This type of stimulus elicits a response not normally associated with it after being paired with an unconditional stimulus.

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  • Conditioned Stimulus

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Definition

  • Form of learning by successive approximations. Used to teach animals tricks.

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  • Shaping

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Definition

  • Act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seem similar. For example, a dog salivates to a bell and to a buzzer with a similar tone.

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  • Generalization

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Definition

  • Elicits no response before conditioning

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  • Neutral Stimulus

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  • Method of overcoming fears by pairing a pleasing stimulus with a feared one.

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  • Counter conditioning

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Definition

  • A(n) ___________ reinforcer is desired because the animal learns to value it, like praise.

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  • Secondary Reinforcer

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Definition

  • Method of overcoming fear that involves relaxation and gradual exposure to the feared stimulus

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  • Systematic Desensitization

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Definition

  • Revival of an extinguished response when the unconditioned stimulus suddenly reappears.

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  • Spontaneous Recovery

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Definition

  • Form of learning based on the consequences of actions

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  • Operant Conditioning

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Definition

  • Act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar. For example, a dog salivates to a bell but not a knock on the wooden door.

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  • Descrimination

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  • When a conditioned response stops occurring because the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented

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  • Extinction

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  • Reinforcement that encourages a behavior by meeting an organism's basic biological needs like food, water, or sex drive.

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  • Primary Reinforcer

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  • A natural stimulus that causes an automatic response

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  • Unconditioned Stimulus

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Definition

  • This person studied cats and came up with the “Law of Effect” that states that animals will repeat behaviors that are rewarded.

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  • Thorndike

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Definition

  • This person conditioned Little Albert to be scared of white fury objects.

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  • John Watson

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  • This person is the father of operant conditioning and believed that all animals learn through reinforcement and punishment.

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  • B.F. Skinner

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Definition

  • This person’s experiment with rats showed that animals do think during classical conditioning because they need to predict the UCS is coming after the NS.

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  • Robert Rescorla

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Definition

  • This person studied taste aversion in rats using flavored water with a drug that would make the rats sick.

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  • John Garcia

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Definition

  • This person’s rat maze experiment where rats formed a cognitive map of the maze showed that animals learn without reinforcement demonstrating the concept of latent learning.

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Answer

  • E.C. Tolman

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Definition

  • This person studied how children learned through observation in his famous Bobo Doll Experiment

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  • Albert Bandura

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Definition

  • His experiment with dogs proved that animals can learn reflexive behaviors to unnatural stimuli.

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  • Ivan Pavlov