12C16��Chemistry in Everyday life
Need of Chemistry in Everyday Life
Important Of Chemistry in Three Important Area
Medicines
Food Materials
Cleansing Agent
12C16.1
Drugs
12C16.1 Drugs
Learning Objectives
Drugs and their classification
Drug target interaction
12C16.1
CV 1
Drugs and their Classification
Drugs
Drugs
(Low Molecular Mass)
(Macromolecules)
Therapeutic
Medicines
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Classification of Drugs
Pharmacological Effect
Drug Action
Classification of Drugs
Chemical Structure
Common structural features have similar Pharmacological Effect
For example:
Sulphonamides have common structural feature
Molecular Targets
Interaction with molecular targets such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
Common structural features may have the same mechanism of action on targets
Biomolecules
Enzymes
Enzymes are protein that act as a biological catalyst in the body
Biomolecules
Macromolecules of biological origin
Example:
Enzyme
Substrate
Enzyme Substrate complex
Product
Proteins, Nucleic acids, Lipids, Carbohydrates
Biomolecules
Receptors
Receptors are vital to the communication system in body.
Carrier Protein
Carrier proteins carry polar molecules across the cell membrane
Carrier Protein
Solute
Biomolecules
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids have coded genetic information for the cells.
Lipids and Carbohydrates
Lipids and carbohydrate are structural part of cell membrane
Lipid Bilayer
Carbohydrate chain
Inside cell
outside cell
12C16.1
CV 2
Drug Target Interaction
Drug target interaction
Action of drugs depend on the interaction between the Drug molecules and the biomolecules that it targets
Enzyme as drug targets
Receptor as drug targets
Target
Function of Enzyme
1. Hold the substrate for a chemical reaction by their active sites
Enzymes as Drug Targets
Enzyme
Active site
Substrate
Enzyme holding substrate
Substrate bind to active site either by:
2. To provide functional groups that will attack the substrate
Drug Enzyme Interaction
Enzyme Inhibitor
Block the binding site of the enzyme and prevent the binding of substrate
1. Compete with the natural substrate for their attachment on the active sites
Enzyme
Substrate
Drugs
Drug blocks the active site of enzyme
Drug and Substrate competing for active site
Competitive inhibitors
2. Bind to a different site of enzyme and changes the shape of the active site in such a way that substrate cannot recognize it.
Drug Enzyme Interaction
Active Site
Allosteric Site
Inhibitor
Active Site with changed shape
Inhibitor occupying allosteric site
Receptor as a Drug Targets
Animal cell
Cell membrane
Binding site of Receptor
Receptor protein
Receptor proteins
Cell membrane
Embedded
Active site
Part possessing
Projects
Out of the surface of cell membrane
How message between neurons and between neurons to muscles is communicated?
Chemical messenger
Binding sites of receptor protein
Chemical messenger
Shape of receptor site changes
Transfer of message into the cell
Message
Removal of chemical messenger
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Chemical Messenger
Binding sites of receptor protein
Categories of drugs based on interaction with receptors
Antagonist
Agonist
Bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function
Useful in blocking of messages
Mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor
Useful when there is lack of natural chemical messenger
Receptor
Agonist
Cell membrane
Antagonist
Cell membrane
Receptor
Inactive
Full activation
ConcepTest
Ready for challenge
Q. Which forces are involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes ?
Pause the video
Time duration: 1 minute
Q. Which forces are involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes ?
1. Ionic bonding
2. Hydrogen bonding
3. Van der Waals interaction
4. Dipole-dipole interaction
Sol
Summary
Classification of drugs
Pharmacological effect
Drug action
Chemical structure
Molecular targets
Enzyme as drug target
Receptor as drug target
(Low molecular mass)
Agonist
Antagonist
12C16.1 Reference questions
NCERT Exercise Questions: Q.16.1, Q.16.2, Q.16.3,Q.16.4, Q.16.5, Q.16.6
Workbook Questions: Q.11,Q.12, Q.15, Q.16, Q.19(I)
12C16.2
Classes of Drugs on basis of Therapeutic Action
12C16.2 Classes of Drugs on basis of Therapeutic Action
Learning Objectives
Antacids and Antihistamines
Neurologically Active Drugs
Antimicrobials
Antifertility Drugs
12C16.2
CV 1
Antacids and Antihistamines
Antacids
Over production of acid in the stomach causes irritation and pain which further develop ulcers
These treatments control only symptoms, and not the cause and become life threatening in case of ulcer.
Until 1970, only treatment for acidity was antacids, such as
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Mixture of aluminium & magnesium hydroxide
Histamine
Stimulates the secretion of pepsin and hydrochloric acid
Cimetidine (Tegamet) prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach wall resulting in release of lesser amount of acid.
Histamine
Stomach
Antihistamine
Histamine has various function
Brompheniramine (Dimetapp)
Terfenadine (Seldane)
Interfere with the natural action of histamine by competing with histamine for binding sites of receptor.
Antihistamine drugs
12C16.2
CV 2
Neurologically Active Drugs
Neurologically Active Drugs
Affect the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor
Tranquilizers
Analgesics
Neurologically Active Drugs
Tranquilizers
Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of
Anxiety
Depression
Tension
Sleeping disorder
Types of Tranquilizers
1. Anti-depressants
Noradrenaline play a role in mood changes
Anti-depressant drugs inhibit the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline
Example:
Iproniazid and Phenelzine
Types of Tranquilizers
2. Barbiturates
Derivatives of barbituric acid veronal, amytal, nembutal, luminal
Veronal
Valium
Serotonin
Barbiturates are hypnotic
1. Narcotic
Analgesics
Relieve pain and produce sleep
Analgesics reduce or abolish pain
Referred as opiates as obtained from the opium poppy.
Morphine and it’s homologues
Morphine
Analgesics
2. Non - narcotic
Non addictive
Aspirin and paracetamol
12C16.2
CV 3
Antimicrobials
Antimicrobial tends to destroy or inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes
Antimicrobials
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Antibiotics
Antiseptics
Disinfectants
Antimicrobial drugs
Antibiotics
Anti
+
Bios
Against
Life
Antibiotics are widely used to treat bacterial infection
Penicillium chrysogenum
Initially antibiotics were classified as chemical substances produced by microorganisms
Inhibit the growth of or kill other micro organism
Antibiotics
Developed the medicine arsphenamine known as salvarsan
Paul Ehrlich
Syphilis
Salvarsan
Prontosil
Sulphanilamide
First effective antibacterial agent Prontosil
In the body prontosil is converted to a compound called sulphanilamide
Antibiotics
Alexander Flaming
Penicillium fungus
The antibacterial properties of a Penicillium fungus was discovered by Alexander Flaming in 1929, which was the real revolution in antibacterial therapy
Broad Spectrum Antibiotic
Narrow Spectrum Antibiotic
Antibiotics
Kill or inhibit a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
Example: Ampicillin , Amoxycillin, Chloramphenicol, Vancomycin, Ofloxacin
Effective mainly against Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria
Example: Penicillin G
Limited Spectrum Antibiotic
Effective against a single organism or disease
Example: Dysidazirine
Antiseptic
Antiseptics are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces
Not ingested like antibiotics
Example:
Dettol
mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol
Bithionol
added to soaps to impart antiseptic properties.
Tincture of iodine
2-3 % Iodine solution in alcohol water
mixture
Boric acid in dilute aqueous solution is
weak antiseptic for eyes
Disinfectants
Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as
By varying the concentration same substances can act as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant
Disinfectants
Floors
Instruments
Drainage system
12C16.2
CV 4
Antifertility Drugs
Antifertility Drugs
Population
Need of family planning and Antifertility drugs
Birth control pills contain a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progesterone derivatives
Norethindrone
Ethynylestradiol (novestrol).
Food resources
Environmental issues
Employment
ConcepTest
Ready for challenge
Q. What is tincture of iodine ? What is its use ?
Pause the video
Time duration: 2 minute
Q. What is tincture of iodine ? What is its use ?
Sol.
Water
Alcohol
2-3% iodine
Tincture of iodine
It is used as antiseptic on wounds
Summary
12C16.2 Reference questions
NCERT Intext Questions: Q.16.1, Q.16.2
NCERT Exercise Questions: Q.16.8, Q.16.9, Q.16.10, Q.16.11, Q.16.12, Q.16.13
Workbook Questions: Q.1, Q.2, Q.3, Q.4, Q.5, Q.8, Q.9, Q.10, Q.13, Q.17, Q.18, Q.19(II)
12C16.3
Chemicals in Food
12C16.3 Chemicals in Food
Learning Objectives
Artificial Sweetening Agents
Food Preservatives
12C16.3
CV 1
Artificial Sweetening Agents
Food Additives
Chemicals are added to food for
Preservation
Enhancing
their appeal
Adding nutritive value
Food colours
Flavours
Sweeteners
Fat emulsifiers
Stabilising agents
Flour improvers
Antioxidants
Preservatives
Nutritional supplements
Artificial Sweetening Agent
Sweeteners
Natural sweetener
Artificial sweetener
Sucrose
Glucose
Maltose
Add calories
Aspartame
Alitame
Saccharin
Sucralose
No calories
great value to diabetic persons
Artificial Sweetening Agent
Aspartame
Saccharin
Artificial Sweetening Agent
Sucralose
Alitame
12C16.3
CV 2
Food Preservatives
Food preservatives prevent spoilage of food due to microbial growth
Food Preservatives
Table Salt
Sugar
Vegetable oils
Sodium benzoate
Anti-oxidants in Food
These help in food preservation by retarding the action of oxygen on food
Other anti-oxidant is butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT)
Sulphur dioxide & sulphites
Butylated hydroxy anisole
Sulphur dioxide & sulphites
Butter
Wine
Sugar syrup
Summary
Food Additives
food colours
flavours
Sweeteners
Fat emulsifier
Sweetening agents
Flour improvers
Antioxidants
Preservatives
Natural
supplements
12C16.3 Reference questions
NCERT Exercise Questions: Q.16.15, Q.16.16, Q.16.17, Q.16.18, Q.16.19
Workbook Questions: Q.6
12C16.4
Chemicals in Cleansing Agent
12C16.4 Chemicals in Cleansing Agent
Learning Objectives
Soaps
Synthetic detergents
12C16.4
CV 1
Soaps
Soaps
+
+
Glyceryl ester
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium stearate
Glycerol
A cleansing agent
sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids
Types of Soaps
Better grades of fats and oils is used
and excess alkali is removed
Toilet soaps
Transparent soaps
Soap dissolved in ethanol and then excess solvent is removed
Substances of medicinal value are added
Medicated soaps
laundry soaps
Contain fillers like
sodium rosinate, sodium silicate
Types of Soaps
Shaving soaps
A gum called, rosin is added
Scouring soaps
Powdered pumice or finely divided sand, and builder are added
Why Soaps do not work in hard water?
Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions
Insoluble calcium stearate(soap)
soap
These insoluble soaps separate as scum in water and are useless as cleansing agent
12C16.4
CV 2
Synthetic detergent
Synthetic detergent
Cleansing agents which have all the properties of soaps, but actually do not contain any soap
These can be used both in soft and hard water
Synthetic detergent
Anionic detergent
cationic detergent
Non-ionic detergent
Anionic detergent
It is sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons
Lauryl alcohol
Lauryl hydrogen sulphate
Sodium Lauryl sulphate
Dodecylbenzene
Dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid
Sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate
Anionic part of the molecule is involved in the cleansing action
Used in toothpastes
_
+
Cationic detergent
It is quarternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides as anions.
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
Cationic detergents have germicidal properties and are expensive
Used in hair conditioner
Non-ionic detergent
Non-ionic detergents do not contain any ion in their constitution.
Stearic acid
Polyethylenegycol
Liquid dishwashing detergents are non-ionic type.
These also remove grease and oil by micelle formation
Miscelle Formation
In water
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Miscelle Formation
Ionic Miscelle
Anions are pulled into the bulk of the solution and aggregate to form a spherical shape
Hydrocarbon chains pointing towards the centre
Soap molecules form micelle around the oil droplet
Cleansing action of soaps
Grease droplet surrounded by stearate ions forming miscelle
Grease on clothes
Stearate ions arranging around the grease
Interact with water
Oil droplet surrounded by stearate ions is pulled in water and removed
Summary
Synthetic detergent
Cationic detergent
Anionic detergent
Non-ionic detergent
12C16.4 Reference questions
NCERT Intext Questions: Q.16.4, Q.16.5
NCERT Exercise Questions: Q.16.20, Q.16.21, Q.16.22, Q.16.23, Q.16.25
Workbook Questions: Q.7, Q.20
ConcepTest
Ready for challenge
Q. Can you use soaps and synthetic detergents to check the hardness of water ?
Pause the video
Time duration: 2 minute
Q. Can you use soaps and synthetic detergents to check the hardness of water ?
Sol.
Soaps
Synthetic detergent
Hard water
Hard water
Produce Insoluble soaps separate as scum
Give foam