Gangguan Suasana Perasaan�
DR. Dr. Dharmawan A. Purnama, SpKJ
FK Universitas Kristen Indonesia
RSJ Dr. Soeharto Heerdjan
Smart Mind Center Consulting Klinik Utama
Asian Psychiatrist Interventional Network (APIN)
Pendahuluan
Pendahuluan
Pendahuluan
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) consists of recurrent major depressive episodes
MDD, major depressive disorder.
1. World Health Organization (WHO). International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11). 6A71.3. 2019. Available at: https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f2139612744. Date accessed January 2021.; 2. Ifightdepression. Subtypes of depression. Available at: https://ifightdepression.com/en/for-all/subtypes-of-depression (last accessed January 2019); 3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th edition. 2013.
Major depressive episode:1,2
MDD: Recurrent major depressive episode:1-3
Continuously symptom free
Time
time
Free
interval
Episode of�depression
(lasts a few months�to several years)
Figures adapted from Ifightdepression 2019.
Note: MDD is unrelated to bipolar disorder
Mania
Hypomania
Normal
mood
Mild
depression
Severe
depression
Mania
Hypomania
Normal
mood
Mild
depression
Severe
depression
Phases of treatment
MADRS, Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale; MDE, major depressive episode
Kupfer DJ J Clin Psychiatry. 1991;52(suppl):28–34.
Treatment goals for the three �distinct phases of treatment
Acute
Continuation
Maintenance
To elicit a response to �prescribed medication or therapy
To prevent or manage relapse of symptoms
To prevent recurrence/new episode of depression
Response, remission, recovery and relapse can be assessed using a variety of tools, for example, the MADRS score was used in the esketamine clinical trials
Acute
Continuation
Maintenance
Kupfer curve
Response, remission, recovery, relapse and recurrence �of depression
Treatment phases
Syndrome
Symptoms
‘Normalcy’
Response
Remission
Recovery
Relapse
Recurrence
X
X
X
Progression �to disorder
Pendahuluan
Bipolar disorder is distinct from MDD
Bipolar disorder I1,2
Episodes of extremely low moods that meet the criteria for major depression but with intermittent episodes of mania (extreme euphoric or irritable moods)
1. Ifightdepression. Subtypes of depression. Available at: https://ifightdepression.com/en/for-all/subtypes-of-depression (last accessed March 2018); 2. National Institute of Mental Health. Depression. Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml (last accessed March 2018); 3. Kupfer DJ. Medicographia 2014; 36: 521-525; 4. The Mental Health Repository. Available at: http://throughthewillows.com/articles/informative/bipolar-disorder/ (last accessed February 2019).
Bipolar disorder II1
Repeated depressive episodes with intermittent episodes of hypomania (less extreme than mania)
Patients with bipolar disorder experience episodes of extremely low mood that meet the criteria for MDD1-4
Figure adapted from The Mental Health Repository 2019.
Mania
Hypomania
Normal mood
Mild depression
Major depression
Bipolar I disorder
Bipolar II disorder
Sejarah
Epidemiologi
10
Epidemiologi
Jenis Kelamin
Usia
Status Perkawinan
Etiologi
12
Faktor Biologis
13
Structural and functional changes have been correlated with2-5
PFC: Prefrontal Cortex
1. Pandya M, et al. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012;14(6):634-642. 2. Stockmeier CA, Rajkowska G. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2004;6(2):185-197. 3. Sanacora G, et al. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(1):63-77. 4. Duman CH, Duman RS. Neurosci Lett. 2015;601:20-29. 5. Drevets WC, et al. Brain Struct Funct. 2008;213(1-2):93-118. 6. Kang HJ, et al. Nat Med. 2012;18(9):1413-1417. 7. Duman RS, et al. Nat Med. 2016;22(3):238-249.
Impaired synaptic plasticity within these regions may reduce the number and strength of synaptic connections, potentially impacting mood regulation3-7
MDD Has Been Associated With Functional
and Structural Changes in Select Brain Regions1,2
PFC
Amygdala
Anterior
cingulate
Striatum
Nucleus accumbens
Insular
cortex
Hippocampus
14
Building on the monoamine hypothesis: �A physiological basis for MDD
Synaptic connections are constantly remodelled as a result �of experience, stress and information processing
MDD, major depressive disorder.
1. Sanacora G, et al. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62: 63–77; 2. Nature.com. Synaptic plasticity. Available at: https://www.nature.com/subjects/synaptic-plasticity (last accessed February 2021); 3. Segal M. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6: 277–284; 4. Qiao H, et al. Neural Plast 2016; 2016: 8056370.
Decreased synaptic density
Increased synaptic density
Impaired synaptic plasticity, as seen in animal models of depression-like behaviour, may lead to loss of synaptic connections in patients with MDD3,4
Individual synaptic connections are �constantly being remodelled as a result of experience, emotional processing, learning, memory and stress1
This process is synaptic plasticity and means that synapses strengthen and weaken over time as a result of synaptic activity2
Human and animal models support a link between loss �of synaptic connections and depression1,2
Figure from Moda-Sava RN, et al. 2019.2
Note: Red and blue arrows indicate eliminated and formed spines.
CORT, corticosterone; Ket, ketamine; MDD, major depressive disorder.
1. Holmes SE, et al. Nat Commun 2019; 10: 1529; 2. Moda-Sava RN, et al. Science 2019; 364: 1–11; 3. Qiao H, et al. Neural Plast 2016; 2016: 8056370; 4. Duman CH and Duman RS. Neurosci Lett 2015; 601: 20–29; 5. Liu RJ and Aghajanian GK. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 359–364; 6. Murrough JW, et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16: 472–486.
16
Reduced synaptic connectivity with chronic �stress (CORT) in rat model2
Chronic CORT
~2 weeks
Surgery
Day
21
Day
22
Day
1
Two-photon imaging
Baseline
(Day 0)
Chronic
CORT
(Day 21)
Recent research in MDD has shifted emphasis from serotonin and the midbrain to glutamate and cortico-limbic circuits3–6
Evidence points to altered glutamate signalling in the pathophysiology of MDD1–4
Figure adapted from Duman RS, et al. 2016.
AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; �MDD, major depressive disorder; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; TrkB, tropomyosin receptor kinase B.
1. Murrough JW, et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16: 472–486; 2. Sanacora G, et al. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62: 63–77; �3. Duman RS. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2014; 16: 11–27; 4. Duman RS, et al. Nat Med 2016; 22: 238–249.
Normal
Glutamate
TrkB
Ca2+
Synaptic
proteins
BDNF�release
Synaptic number,
function and
strength
Synaptic
proteins
GABA
BDNF
Inhibitory
neuron
Excitatory
neuron
NMDA receptor
AMPA
receptor
Synaptic density
Glutamate
BDNF�signalling
Synaptic number,
function and
strength
TrkB
GABA
Dysfunctional
Inhibitory
neuron
Excitatory
neuron
BDNF
NMDA receptor
AMPA receptor
Faktor Genetik
18
Faktor Psikososial
Peristiwa kehidupan dan stres lingkungan: stres mendahului episode pertama gangguan mood daripada episode selanjutnya🡪
stres menyebabkan perubahan biologi pada otak yang bertahan lama🡪
perubahan fungsional berbagai neurotransmiter dan sistem pemberi signal intraneuronal🡪
hilangnya neuron dan penurunan besar dari kontak sinaptik
19
Faktor Psikososial
20
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF MAJOR / SEVERE DEPRESSIVE EPISODE
DSM-5: Major Depressive Episode1
ICD-11: Recurrent depressive disorder, current episode severe, without psychotic symptoms2
Min. 1 from here
Kriteria untuk Episode Manik
1. harga diri melambung atau kebesaran
2. penurunan kebutuhan untuk tidur
3. Lebih banyak bicara dibandingkan biasanya atau tekanan untuk terus bicara
4. gagasan yg melompat (flight of ideas)
5. perhatian mudah beralih
6. peningkatan aktivitas yg diarahkan oleh tujuan
7. keterlibatan yg berlebihan dalam aktivitas yg menyenangkan yg memiliki kemungkinan tinggi adanya akibat yg menyakitkan (contoh : belanja yg tidak dibatasi)
Kriteria untuk Episode Manik
E. Gejala bukan karena efek fisiologis langsung dari zat atau suatu kondisi medis umum
Kriteria untuk Episode Hipomanik
1. harga diri melambung atau kebesaran
2. penurunan kebutuhan untuk tidur
3. Lebih banyak bicara dibandingkan biasanya atau tekanan untuk terus bicara
4. gagasan yg melompat (flight of ideas)
5. perhatian mudah beralih
6. peningkatan aktivitas yg diarahkan oleh tujuan
7. keterlibatan yg berlebihan dalam aktivitas yg menyenangkan yg memiliki kemungkinan tinggi adanya akibat yg menyakitkan (contoh : belanja yg tidak dibatasi)
Kriteria untuk Episode Hipomanik
F. Gejala bukan karena efek fisiologis langsung dari zat atau suatu kondisi medis umum
Pemeriksaan Status Mental Depresi
Pemeriksaan Status Mental Depresi
Pemeriksaan Status Mental Manik
Pemeriksaan Status Mental Manik
Diagnosis Banding Depresi
32
Diagnosis Banding Manik
33
Terapi
Farmakoterapi
Depresi 🡪 antidepresan
Esketamine is administered via a nasal spray
Janssen-Cilag International N.V. Esketamine Summary of Product Characteristics. March 2021.
Esketamine is intended for administration by the patient using a dual spray nasal device in a semi-reclined position under the supervision of a healthcare professional
Farmakoterapi
Gangguan Bipolar
Neurostimulasi
Types of Psychotherapy in combination with antidepressant medication in patients with MDD1–3
CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy; IPT, interpersonal functioning, MBCT, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; MDD, major depressive disorder; PST, problem-solving therapy.
1. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. October 2010; 2. Jobst A, et al. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 33: 18-36; 3. S3-Guideline/National Disease Management Guideline. Unipolar Depression Short version 2012. Available at: https://www.leitlinien.de/mdb/downloads/nvl/depression/archiv/unipolare-depression-kurz-engl-1.3.pdf (last accessed June 2018); 4. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Clinical Guideline CG90. October 2009.
Combination
of psychotherapies
Problem-solving therapy (PST)2
Mindfulness-based
cognitive therapy
(MBCT)2
Interpersonal functioning (IPT)2
Cognitive behavioural therapy
(CBT)2
Cognitive-behavioural analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP)2
Exercise and support therapies1
Psychodynamic therapies1
Prognosis
41
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