Lectures On:

Introduction to Computers

��Department of �Computer Science and Engineering�www.cse.ugv.edu.bd, 874/322, C&B Road, Barisal, Bangladesh.� 

University of Global Village (UGV)

Barishal, Bangladesh

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Lectures By��Md. Tariqul Islam�Assistant Professor

& Assistant Proctor

�Mobile: +880-1842733104 �Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com�Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

we have to LEARN how to LEARN

• Knowledge is everywhere
• Knowledge is Free
• Knowledge is fun
• But not Easy
• Blaming others will decrease
• You are a quick learner
• Ability to solve new problems
• Dependence on others will decrease

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Manners

&

Etiquette

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

PUNCTUALITY

• Timely in Class
• Timely in All Works
• Respect other time

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A real Story

of Mine…

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

How to Contact a Teacher?

• Collect Phone Numbers and Emails from websites or other sources
• Avoid direct contact with the teachers.
• Request permission and schedule an appointment prior to visiting the department office.
• Seek assistance from the Class Representative (CR) until your issue is resolved.
• Contact the teacher between 9 am and 5 pm.
• Avoiding calls during their weekends or Holidays

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Department Office Manners

• Don't look over the teacher's desk or monitor without permission.
• Don't enter the department together.
• Never ask a teacher about other teachers.
• Don't peek in the department.
• Close the door.
• Department office is not a Stationary shop

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Dressed Formal

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

In Class Not Allowed

Not Allowed to Enter Randomly

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

�����Computer Fundamentals���Course Credit: 2�Course Type: Theory�Course Code: CSE-0611-1101���

Course Conducted

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Process of Assessment

1. Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE): 60%

a. Class Performance: 30%

Attendance: 10%,

Assignment/Presentation: 10%,

Quiz/Class Test: 10%

b. Midterm: 30%,

2. Semester End Examination (SEE): 40%

Final Exam: 40%

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

The Grading System

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

What is Computer Fundamentals?

Computer fundamentals are all about the learning of the basic concepts of computers, such as introduction, types, components, memory, etc. The knowledge of computer fundamentals is required to operate computers and use their applications.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Key Topics in Computer Fundamentals

• Introduction to Computers
• Components of a Computer
• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Data Storage and Memory
• Computer Memory Units
• Different Types of Data Storage
• Computer Architecture (CPU, ALU, and CU)
• Software
• Basics of Operating System
• Basics of Networks

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Who is more Powerful

Human?

Or

Computer?

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

A human is a living being, unlike a computer.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

So, What is Computer??

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Computer Definition

A computer is an electronic device that accepts raw data as input, processes it according to a stored set of instructions (program), produces output (information), and stores the results for future use.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Key Characteristics and Functions

• Input: Receives data from devices like keyboards, mice, or sensors.
• Processing: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) interprets and executes commands.
• Output: Presents processed information through screens, printers, or audio.
• Storage: Saves data on hard drives, SSDs, or RAM for retrieval.
• Programmability: Capable of running various software applications to perform different tasks.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Key Characteristics and Functions

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Computers are Everywhere! - Examples of Computer

Core Concept

• A "computer" isn't just a box with a keyboard.
• Any device that processes data to perform a task is technically a computer.
• Examples of Modern Computers

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Computers are Everywhere! - Examples of Computer

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

So now we know what a Computer is.��But don’t know what happened when a computer not works.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

How a Computer Works – The Middleman Story

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

How a Computer Works – The Middleman Story

Picture Explanation (Story-Based)

In the picture, there are three characters:

• Person on the left says: “Hello!” (English)
• Person on the right says: “¡Hola!” (Spanish)
• Person in the middle 👉 This is the COMPUTER

📌 The two people cannot understand each other directly because they use different languages.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Role of the Middle Person (Computer)

• The middle person (computer) works as a translator.
• Step-by-step story:
• Left person speaks in English
• The middle person listens, understands, and converts the message
• The middle person sends the message in Spanish
• Right person understands it
• ➡️ Without the middle person, communication is impossible.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Relation to Computer System

User (Human)

• Uses High-Level Language
• Example: English-like programming languages
• C, C++, Java, Python

Computer (Middleman)

• The computer:
• Cannot understand human language
• Understands only Machine Language (0 and 1)
• So it uses translators:

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

How ASCII Helps Convert High-Level Language to Machine Language

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

1️⃣ Why ASCII Is Needed

• A computer cannot understand letters, words, or symbols like humans do.
• For example:
• Human sees: A
• Computer sees: ❌ (doesn’t understand letters)
• So we need a code system.
• 👉 That system is ASCII.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

2️⃣ What Is ASCII?

• ASCII stands for�American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• 📌 ASCII assigns a unique number to:
• Letters (A–Z, a–z)
• Numbers (0–9)
• Symbols (+, −, @, etc.)
• Example:
• A → 65
• a → 97
• 0 → 48
• Space → 32

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

3️⃣ Story Using the Middleman (Computer)

Think again of the middle person (computer) in the picture.

• Story:
• User types: Hello
• Computer says:
• “I don’t understand letters, I understand numbers.”

So the computer converts:

• H → 72
• e → 101
• l → 108
• l → 108
• o → 111
• Now Hello becomes:
• 72 101 108 108 111
• This is ASCII form.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

5️⃣ Full Conversion Flow

High-Level Language (Text)

↓

ASCII (Numbers)

↓

Binary (0 and 1)

↓

Machine Language

↓

CPU Execution

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Character Encoding Systems in the World

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

1️⃣ Why Multiple Conversion Codes Exist

• ASCII was created early, but it has limitations:
• Only supports English letters
• Cannot represent Bangla, Arabic, Chinese, emoji, etc.
• 🌍 The world has many languages, so many encoding systems were developed.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

2️⃣ Major Character Encoding Systems in the World

• 🔹 1. ASCII
• Uses 7 bits
• Total characters: 128
• Supports:
• English letters
• Numbers
• Basic symbols
• 📌 Old but still important.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

🔹 2. Extended ASCII

• Uses 8 bits
• Total characters: 256
• Supports:
• Extra symbols
• Some European characters
• 📌 Not universal; varies by system.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

🔹 3. Unicode (Most Important)

• Unicode is not just one code — it is a global standard.
• It supports:
• All major world languages
• Mathematical symbols
• Emojis 😄
• Examples:
• A → U+0041
• অ → U+0985
• 😀 → U+1F600
• 📌 Unicode can represent more than 1 million characters.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

🔹 4. Language-Specific Encodings (Older)

• Before Unicode, many countries made their own:
• ANSI – Windows systems
• ISO-8859 – European languages
• ISCII – Indian languages
• Bijoy / ASCII-based Bangla (older Bangla typing)
• ⚠️ These caused compatibility problems.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Advantages of Computers

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

High Speed

• Computer is a very fast device.
• It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data.
• The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond.
• It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who will spend many months to perform the same task.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Accuracy

• In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.
• The calculations are 100% error free.
• Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that the input is correct.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Storage Capability

• Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.
• A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.
• It can store large amount of data.
• It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio, etc.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Diligence

• Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration.
• It can work continuously without any error and boredom.
• It can perform repeated tasks with the same speed and accuracy.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Versatility

• A computer is a very versatile machine.
• A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.
• This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields.
• At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next moment it may be playing a card game.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Reliability

• A computer is a reliable machine.
• Modern electronic components have long lives.
• Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Automation

• Computer is an automatic machine.
• Automation is the ability to perform a given task automatically. Once the computer receives a program i.e., the program is stored in the computer memory, then the program and instruction can control the program execution without human interaction.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Reduction in Paper Work and Cost

• The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in paper work and results in speeding up the process.
• As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the problem of maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced.
• Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high, it substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Disadvantages of Computers

• Health Issues − Working long hours on computers leads to health issues. Student's playing games and accessing related applications for long periods of time cause serious health problems.
• Spread of Pornography − The growing trend of the internet has spread pornography. In today's time, pornography is a big threat to society and the youth.
• Virus and hacking attacks − Viruses are unwanted programmes that enter computers through networks or the internet. These programmes may steal information or damage computers. Sometimes these lock the application programmes of the computer to affect its working.
• No IQ − Computers cannot make their own decisions. Its functioning depends on human interventions.
• Negative effect on the environment − The increasing use of computers and automated devices has posed a major threat to the environment.
• Crashed Networks − Hackers may destroy the network, which affects the overall working of the existing system. In todays time, most of the data is on servers, so destroying the network may be a serious threat to communication.
• Online cybercrimes − the practise of using a computer to facilitate unlawful activities including fraud, the trafficking of child pornography and other items of intellectual property, identity theft, and privacy violations The relevance of cybercrime, particularly over the Internet, has increased as the computer is most widely used in business, entertainment, and government.
• Data and information violation − A breach of confidentiality occurs when information is given to a third party without the data owner's authorization. The owner of the data has the right to file for legal action to recover the potential losses.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Computer - Applications

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Application of Computer in Business

• Business
• Computers are used in business organizations for:
• Payroll calculation
• Budgeting
• Sales analysis
• Financial forecasting
• Employee database management
• Stock and inventory management

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Application of Computer in Banking

• Banking
• Today, banking is almost fully computerized.
• Computers help banks by providing:
• Online accounting facilities
• Balance checking and transaction records
• Interest calculation
• ATM services
• Automated banking operations

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Application of Computer in Insurance

• Insurance
• Insurance companies use computers to:
• Maintain customer records
• Track policy details
• Manage premium installments
• Calculate maturity values and bonuses
• Store data related to claims and benefits

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Application of Computer in Education

• Education
• Computers play a vital role in modern education.
• Uses include:
• Computer Based Education (CBE)
• Online learning platforms
• Student performance databases
• Examination and result processing
• Digital libraries and research

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Application of Computer in Marketing

• Marketing
• Computers are widely used in marketing activities such as:
• Advertising and graphic design
• Online marketing and promotions
• Sales data analysis
• Home shopping and e-commerce
• Customer relationship management

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Application of Computer in Healthcare

• Healthcare
• Computers are essential in hospitals and medical labs.
• Major uses:
• Patient record management
• Disease diagnosis
• ECG, EEG, CT scan, and ultrasound
• Laboratory test reports
• Patient monitoring systems

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Application of Computer in Engineering

• Engineering Design
• Computers are used in engineering through CAD (Computer Aided Design).
• Fields include:
• Structural Engineering
• Industrial Engineering
• Architectural Engineering
• 2D and 3D design modeling

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Application of Computer in Military

• Military
• Computers are crucial in defense systems:
• Missile control systems
• Military communication
• Strategic planning and operations
• Smart weapons and surveillance

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Application of Computer in Communication

• Communication
• Computers have revolutionized communication through:
• E-mail
• Chatting and instant messaging
• Video conferencing
• FTP and file sharing
• Online collaboration tools

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Application of Computer in Government

• Government
• Governments use computers for:
• Budget preparation
• Income tax and sales tax systems
• Voter list management
• PAN card and ID systems
• Weather forecasting
• Population and statistical analysis

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Question Pattern

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd