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Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

Project Presentation

Supervised by Ariya Sangwongwanich

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Adama Toure & Ian Bermudez Rivera

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

  • Research suggests that a significant number of PV modules installed before 2012 are Economically feasible to be replaced.
    • PV modules installed between 2010-2020 can be replaced 10 years before their predicted end of life.

End of life Option

Recycling

Landfill

Second Life

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  • Current recycling technologies are not fully developed to handle the increasing volume of PV module waste.

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  • One potential solution is to refurbish replaced PV panels for utilization in new Grid connected applications.

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[1] K. Komoto et al., End-of-life management of photovoltaic panels: Trends in PV Module Recycling Technologies, 2018. doi:10.2172/1561523 

    • The cumulative PV-waste worldwide is expected to reach approximately 1.7 to 8 million tons by 2030.
      • Advancements in PV technology, PV and Electricity cost, Government subsidies.

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Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

  • We aim to design a controller for the inverter without any additional sensors required, using Electrical Characteristic

CONTROLLER

Second life PV Plant

Grid

Develop a controller for a second-life grid connected PV to ensure system reliability and safety

Second life Grid Connected PV inverter

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

Second Life PV Modeling

    • PV degradation
    • Dynamic Model of PV
    • I-V Curve
    • Fault detection Algorithm
    • Controller design

Second Life Grid Connected PV Inverter Model

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Conclusion

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

    • Overview of a potential fault in grid-connected PV

Typical types of faults in a grid connected PV system.

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Faults

Description

F1

Partial shading fault

F2

Ground fault

F3

line-to-line fault

F31

line-to-line (same string)

F32

line-to-line (different strings)

F41

Series arc fault

F42

Parallel arc fault

F51

Shorted bypass diode fault

F52

Shunted bypass diode

F61

Open-circuit blocking diode fault

F62

Short-circuit blocking diode fault

  • Mismatch fault conditions (Hot Spots)

[2] Y.-Y. Hong and R. A. Pula, “Methods of photovoltaic fault detection and classification: A Review,” Energy Reports, vol. 8, pp. 5898–5929, 2022. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.04.043

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

    • Overview of a potential fault in grid-connected PV

Potential faults and degradation in grid connected PV systems

[3] B. Dumnic, E. Liivik, D. Milicevic, B. Popadic, V. Katicand F. Blaabjerg, "Fault Analysis and Field Experiences of Central Inverter Based 2 MW PV Plant," 2018 20th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'18 ECCE Europe), 2018, pp. P.1-P.9.

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

    • Categories of fault detection and classification methods.

Our control system should be capable of early identification and prevention of potential faults without requiring additional sensors on the PV modules.

[2] Y.-Y. Hong and R. A. Pula, “Methods of photovoltaic fault detection and classification: A Review,” Energy Reports, vol. 8, pp. 5898–5929, 2022. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.04.043

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

    • Example of Degradation

Hot Spots

Potential induced degradation (PID)

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A hot spot refers to a situation in which a solar cell in a module produces a lower current compared to the overall current generated by the module. Hot spots can occur when a cell is shaded, damaged, or when there is an electrical mismatch among cells. When a cell if affected by Hot spots, it becomes reverse biased and dissipates power in the form of heat.

Potential induced degradation (PID) refers to the performance degradation observed in photovoltaic (PV) modules due to high voltage stress between the module's cells and the grounded frame or system ground. This phenomenon is typically observed in PV systems installed in regions with high humidity or in environments where modules experience high voltage differentials

[2], [4] K. A. Kim, G.-S. Seo, B.-H. Cho, and P. T. Krein, “Photovoltaic hot-spot detection for solar panel substrings using AC Parameter Characterization,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1121–1130, 2016. doi:10.1109/tpel.2015.2417548

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

    • PV Modeling

A Single Diode five parameters Model

A Double Diode Circuit Model

+ Simplicity

+ Analytic solutions for parameters

  • Limited accuracy
  • Forward bias mode only

A Single Diode four parameters Model

+ Better accuracy

+ Leakage current

+ Parallel Resistance

- No analytic solutions for model parameters

- Forward bias mode only

+ Better accuracy, especially at low irradiations

+ the carrier recombination losses in the depletion region

- Increased complexity

- No analytic solutions for model parameters�- Forward bias mode only

MM1 –Control of Grid Connected PV and WT Systems| Ariya Sangwongwanich | Sept 6, 2021

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

  • When a fault occurs in a PV cell, its electrical properties changes.

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  • This leads to the affected cell operating in the reverse bias region, which results in the formation of different parasitic resistances, capacitances, and inductances.

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  • To accurately represent PV cells, we can use a circuit model that incorporates various parasitic resistances, capacitances, and inductances in both forward and reverse bias modes.

Dynamic model equivalent circuit of a PV cell.

    • PV Dynamic Model

I-V characteristic of a shaded PV module cell in a string

[3] K. A. Kim, C. Xu, L. Jin, and P. T. Krein, “A dynamic photovoltaic model incorporating capacitive and reverse-bias characteristics,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1334–1341, 2013. doi:10.1109/jphotov.2013.2276483 .

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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    • Parallel Capacitance and Resistance

Frequency response of the small AC signal due to the resistance and capacitance changes

Effect of the electrical characteristics on the I-V curve.

Effect of the parallel capacitance

Breakdown capacitance dominates when the cell goes

into reverse breakdown.

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[4] K. A. Kim, G.-S. Seo, B.-H. Cho, and P. T. Krein, “Photovoltaic hot-spot detection for solar panel substrings using AC Parameter Characterization,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1121–1130, 2016. doi:10.1109/tpel.2015.2417548

The objective is to utilize the electrical characteristics of the PV during fault conditions to detect and accurately identify the presence of faults.

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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    • Parallel Capacitance and the I-V curve

When PV cells operating in reverse bias mode, it induces parallel capacitance and resistance, which ultimately impact the I-V curve of the PV cell.

I-V curve shape under hot spot fault condition

I-V curve shape under PID fault condition

[3], [4]

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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    • Challenges with PV Dynamic Model

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  • The dynamic model proposed in the paper "A dynamic photovoltaic model incorporating capacitive and reverse-bias characteristics" serves as a guide for the Simulink simulation model presents some complexity.

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  • Some of the parameters need to be solved using nonlinear equation solvers.

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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    • I-V Curve vs Parallel Resistance in a 1 Diode Circuit Model

I-V curve deformation due to Parallel Resistance

A Single Diode Model

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

Objective: Create model for 2nd life PV system grid connection

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  • Second life PV modules have different characteristics than brand new ones. It is important to create a grid connection model to optimize integration. The model will allow for understanding between the second life characteristics.
  • Allows for power analysis, grid compatibility testing, and can be used to identify safety risks.
  • Creating a grid connection model to maximize performance, ensure safety, and be a useful tool in the steps to supporting sustainability efforts involving second life PV systems.

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

Model 1: Grid Connected PV Inverter with Controller and MPPT Control

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  • Working with a model which contains a grid connected PV inverter with controller and MPPT control.
  • Benefits: Improve efficiency, helps in adapting to different conditions, increase energy yield, and ultimately make the most of the older equipment.

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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Model 2: Island Mode PV Inverter

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  • Working with an island mode PV connected inverter
  • Island mode is important for creating a holistic second life PV model.
  • Benefits: Useful for second life PV inverter system, microgrid possibility, fault tolerance, etc.

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

Challenges

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  • Creating an accurate simulation which involves aging effects of PV, inverters, components, etc.
  • Lack of data on second life PV systems.
  • Modeling and future possibility of AI implementation and real-time simulation.
  • Many different fault scenarios in second life PV system.

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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Next Steps: Finish Grid Connection Model

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  • Once the second life model is completed, that will be used as the input to the grid connected model.
  • Proper integration of the two models will be important. Simulations will be done to ensure proper functionality.
  • Possibilities for the future: implementing an AI algorithm for fault detection.

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

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Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

    • Fault Categorization
  • Simulate various fault conditions to analyze the I-V curve characteristics.

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  • Get data on the I-V curve shape and electrical properties (capacitance and Resistance).

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  • Identify the electrical signature of each fault and the corresponding I-V curve shape.
    • Controller Design
    • Fault Detection Algorithm
    • What is Next for Second Live PV?

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

    • Testing
    • PV Dynamic Model
  • Solve Characteristic parameters of the Dynamic Model equation / Contact the author of the paper

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    • What is Next for PV Inverter?

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CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

Next Steps: Finish Grid Connection Model

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  • Once the second life model is completed, that will be used as the input to the grid connected model.
  • Proper integration of the two models will be important. Simulations will be done to ensure proper functionality.
  • Possibilities for the future: implementing an AI algorithm for fault detection.

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CONCLUSION

OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

SECOND-LIFE PV

PV INVERTER

BACKGROUND

Second-Life Grid Connected PV Controller

Second Life grid Connected PV modules presents a viable solution to address the growing issue of PV waste. By extending the lifespan of replaced PV modules, we can bridge the gap between recycling readiness and early replacement of PV panels. This will minimize the environmental impact from PV-waste.

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However, ensuring system reliability and safety is crucial in this process. The comprehensive understanding of PV module defects and degradation, as well as the development of fault detection and classification techniques, play a significant role.

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Ongoing research on dynamic modeling of PV cells in forward and reverse bias mode, including the I-V curve characteristics affected by fault conditions, along with the development of a Simulink model, will contribute to the design of a controller.

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By incorporating this controller into the PV inverter without adding any expensive sensors, the Second Life PV modules can be made safer, more efficient, and environmentally friendly.

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