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ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ශ්‍රමබලකාය සහ විරැකියාවේ ප්‍රවනතාවය

නියැදි සමීක්ෂණ අංශය

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Content

Brief introduction about Labour Force Survey

How the LFS questionnaire was designed to identify the different statuses of a person

The behavior of Labour Force, employment, unemployment and some other related indicators

Concept of “work” introduced by 19^th ICLS

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Labour Force and Socio Economic Survey (LFSES)

1980/81

1985/86

After 5 years

1990

1969/70

After11 years

After 5 years

Sri Lanka Quarterly Labour Force Survey(LFS)

Household Income & Expenditure Survey (HIES)

Socio Economic Survey

(SES)

Survey History

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Census Frame

(65,008 Blocks)

PSU

Primary Sampling Unit

(2575 Census blocks- F1 list)

SSU�Secondary Sampling Unit

(10 Housing Units)

One or more Households

Proxy Respondent

Housing unit

5,169,315 HUs = 201 HUs

25,750 HUs

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Identifiers			First stage sampling				Second stage sampling			Initial weight	Revised Weight				Final Weight (W4)
District code	Stratum code (Sector)	PSU code	m No of PSUs (Census blocks) in stratum (Frame)	s No of Housing units in PSU (Frame)	S Total no of Housing units in stratum (Frame)	P1= (m*s)/S Selection probability of PSU	N No of Housing units in PSU (Listing)	n No of sample Housing units in PSU	P2= n/N Selection probability of SSU (Housing unit)	W1 = 1/ (P1*P2)	D No of schedules with result code 3 or 7	C No of schedules with result code 1	W2= (10-D)/C Adjusted weight	W1*W2 Revised Weight	W3 Population adjustment	W4 = W1W2W3
11	2	10	14	60	123380	0.00681	61	10	0.16393	895.97	0	9	1.111	995.53	1.19	1187.37
12	1	7	9	112	91284	0.01104	113	10	0.08850	1023.32	0	9	1.111	1137.03	1.21	1379.66
23	2	1	27	101	259387	0.01051	91	10	0.10989	865.57	0	9	1.111	961.75	1.17	1129.59
23	2	9	27	60	259387	0.00625	59	10	0.16949	944.68	0	7	1.429	1349.54	1.17	1585.06
23	2	14	27	94	259387	0.00978	80	10	0.12500	817.61	0	5	2.000	1635.22	1.17	1920.59
23	1	2	1	61	21211	0.00288	59	10	0.16949	2051.56	0	6	1.667	3419.26	1.17	4015.97
61	2	3	16	97	120459	0.01288	97	10	0.10309	752.87	0	9	1.111	836.52	1.08	899.73
53	2	6	14	75	83131	0.01263	69	10	0.14493	546.29	0	10	1.000	546.29	1.11	606.93
21	2	24	43	87	436573	0.00857	89	10	0.11236	1038.63	2	8	1.000	1038.63	1.08	1122.76

Example of calculate Final weight

W4 =W1×W2×W3

W1 = Initial Weight

W2 = Revised weight

W3 = Population adjustment

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Current survey concepts and methods are very similar to those introduced at the beginning in 1990.

Changes were done to enhance the quality of data and international comparability

Labour force: Total no. persons who are/were employed or unemployed during the reference period considered as labour force.

Until 2012 : Age 10 and above persons

From 2013 onward : Age 15 and above persons

Industry Classification

Until 2012 : ISIC Rev. 3.1

From 2013 onward : ISIC Rev. 4

Occupation Classification

Until 2012 : ISCO 88

From 2013 onward : ISCO 2008

Major changes

in

Concepts

and classifications

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Usually no annual updates of the questionnaire.
In every five years time the survey questionnaire is updated considering user needs and new areas.

Significant changes were done in 1996, 2006 (literacy, under employment, informal sector)
In 2013 added more questions to collect more information to cater user needs and to improve accuracy

Informal sector
Secondary occupation
Income for all employed persons

Latest improvement was done in 2018 (added questions to collect disability data for the purpose of “Leave no one behind” in SDG.

Many Indicators related to the labour force statistics introduced up to the 17^th ICLS Conference held by ILO are calculated.

Planning to adopt “work” concept introduced by 19^th ICLS to LFS in near future.

Questionnaire Update

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Economically active & inactive populations
Employment (Primary and Secondary)
Unemployment
Underemployment
Informal and formal sector employment
Informal and formal employment
Potential Labour Force
NEET- Youth Not in Employment, Education or Training
Literacy
Computer Literacy

Major areas covered at the Labour Force Survey

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Population age 15 & above

(Or working-age population)

Working

(At work or temporarily absent from work)

Not working

Seeking and available for work

Not seeking or not available for work

Currently economically active population

(Labour force)

Population not currently economically active

Not economically active
School attendance
Household duties
Retirement or old age
Other reasons

Employed

Unemployed

Not in the labour force

Potential Labour

(showing some interest in finding a job)

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How to identify an Employed person in LFS Schedule ?

පසුගිය සතියේ පැය කිහිපයක්වත් ආර්ථික කටයුත්තක යෙදුනේද?

( Q2 )

පසුගිය සතියේ නොයෙදුනත් නිරතවීමට ආර්ථික කටයුත්තක් තිබුනේද?

( Q4 )

වැටුප් නොලබා ගෘහ කාණ්ඩය වෙත සිදුකරන සේවා

( Q6 )

රැකියා කිහිපයක යෙදෙන (ප්‍රධාන රැකියාව, ද්විතීක රැකියාව) Q3

පසුගිය සතියේ වැඩ නොකිරීමට හේතු (Q5)

රැකියා නියුක්තික

EMPLOYED

රැකියා නියුක්තික

EMPLOYED

ඔව්

නැත

ප්‍රධාන රැකියාව

Main job (Q7)

ද්විතීක රැකියාව

Secondary job (Q24)

රැකියා වියුක්ත හෝ ශ්‍රම බලකායට අයත් නොවන

UNEMPLOYED OR INACTIVE

( Q47 )

රැකියාවේ ස්වභාවය

Employment Statuts

(Q9) & (Q27)

සේවායෝජක / Employer (Q15)

නිත්‍ය හෝ වැටුප් ගෙවන සේවකයින් ඇත

නිත්‍ය හෝ වැටුප් ගෙවන සේවකයින් නැත

වැටුප්/ වේතන නොලබයි

සේවක/

Employee (Q10)

තමාගේම වැඩ කටයුතු කරන්නා/ Own account worker (Q15)

පවුලේ ආර්ථික කටයුතුවලට දායකවන්නා/ Contributing Family Worker (Q15)

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රැකියා වියුක්ත

UNEMPLOYED

වැටුප් ලබන රැකියාවක් කිරීමට හෝ ස්වයං රැකියාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට බලාපොරොත්තුවක් තිබේද? (Q47)

How to identify unemployed and inactive persons?

3. රැකියාවක් ලැබී ඇත. ළඟදීම යාමට සූදානමින් සිටී/ ස්වයං රැකියාව ආරම්භ කිරීමට සූදානම්ව සිටී

2. නැත

ශ්‍රමබලකායට අයත් නොවන

INACTIVE

ඒ් මොනවාද? (Q49)

ඉදිරි සති 2 තුලදී රැකියාව භාරගැනීමට හෝ ස්වයං රැකියාව ආරම්භ කිරීමට සූදානම්ද? (Q51)

ඔව්

රැකියා වියුක්ත

UNEMPLOYED

ඔව්

නැත

බලාපොරොත්තුවක් තිබේ

1. ඔව්

නැත

පසුගිය සති 4 තුල ඒ සඳහා යම් පියවරක් ගත්තේද? (Q48)

හේතුව (Q52)

Q50.

1.රැකියාවක් සඳහා ඉදිරිපත්වූ විභාගයෙන් / සම්මුඛ පරීක්ෂණයෙන් පිළිතුරු බලාපොරොත්තුවෙන් සිටීම

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Population age 15 & above

16,739,396

Working

7,999,093 (47.8%)

Not working

8,739,603 (52.2%)

Seeking and available for work 467,513 (5.3%)

Not seeking or not available for work 8,272,790

Currently economically active population

(Labour force) 8,466,606

Population not currently economically active

Not economically active
School attendance
Household duties
Retirement or old age
Other reasons

Employed

94.5%

Unemployed

5.5%

Not in the labour force

Potential Labour

(showing some interest in finding a job) 251,688 (3.0%)

In 2020...

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Year			Gender
	Total	Male		Female
2017
Number	230,908	71,923		158,985
Rate (% to Inactive Pop.)	3.2	3.9		2.9
2018
Number	201,403	77,288		124,115
Rate (% to Inactive Pop.)	2.6	3.8		2.1
2019
Number	200,241	67,635		132,606
Rate (% to Inactive Pop.)	2.6	3.3		2.3
2020
Number	251,688	92,578		159,110
Rate (% to Inactive Pop.)	3.0	4.2		2.6

Potential Labour Force & Discourage job seekers

2020

Does not believe that he/ she gets a suitable job
Unable to find any work
Does not possess skills or training required for a job
Personal difficulties faced while finding a job

Gender	Discourage Job Seekers
Gender	No.	Percentage	Percentage to Inactive
Total	98,701	100.0	1.2
Male	42,284	42.8	1.9
Female	56,417	57.2	0.9

Potential labour force by year and gender, 2017 - 2020

Discouraged Job Seekers by gender - 2020

show some interest in getting an employment, but are not identified as unemployed.

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Percentage distribution

of

working

age population

by

Employment status

and

gender

2020

Labour Force

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Labour

Force population

by

gender

in

2016_Q1

to

2021_Q3

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Labour Force participation rates

by

gender

and

district

2020

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Percentage of Employed persons

by

Employment status

2020

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Employment statistics

by

Major Industry Group

&

District

2020

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Employed population by major industry group and Occupation group

Employment by Major Industry Group 2014-2020

Employment by Major Occupation Group - 2020

Occupation	Total	Gender		% contribution of females to the total employment
Occupation	Total	Male	Female	% contribution of females to the total employment
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	32.8
Managers, Senior Officials and Legislators	6.4	7.0	5.3	27.0
Professionals	6.6	3.6	12.9	64.0
Technical & Associate Professionals	8.7	8.4	9.2	34.9
Clerks and Clerical support workers	3.8	2.6	6.3	54.2
Services and Sales workers	9.5	10.1	8.2	28.5
Skilled Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery workers	17.2	18.3	14.8	28.3
Craft and Related Trades workers	15.3	16.4	12.9	27.7
Plant and Machine operators and Assemblers	9.1	11.5	4.3	15.3
Elementary occupations	22.9	21.5	25.9	37.0
Armed Forces Occupations	0.5	0.6	0.2	11.8

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Unemployment rates

and

it’s 95% confidence intervals (2015Q2 - 2021Q3)

As seen in figure, it is very important to note that, there were no statistically significant differences between the unemployment rates reported in different time periods of 2015/2021, when sampling error was considered.

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Unemployment rate

by

Gender

Unemployment rate by Gender 2013-2020

Type of the degree	Total	Percentage
Total no. of unemployed graduates	43,074	100.0
Art degree	19,925	46.3
Other degrees	23,150	53.7

Unemployment of the Graduates – 2020 (Age 20 & above)

Unemployment rate by District-2020

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Youth Unemployment rate 2015 Q1 to 2021 Q4

If, in addition to a high youth unemployment rate, the proportion of youth unemployment in total unemployment is high, this would also indicate an unequal distribution of the problem of unemployment.

In this case, employment policies might usefully be directed towards easing the entry of young people into the world of work.

Youth unemployment = unemployed population in the age group 15 – 24 years x 100

rate “labour force” in the age group 15 – 24 years.

Youth Unemployment

Youth unemployment as a proportion of total unemployment by province - 2020

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Youth Unemployment rate by Gender 2013-2020

Youth Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate by age group (2015 Q1 to 2021 Q4)

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Youth Not in Employment, Education or Training

(NEET)

(Number of unemployed youth + number of youth not in the labour force – Number of unemployed youth and youth not in the labour force who are in education or training)

Total number of youth

X 100

NEET Rate

=

NEET rate (NEET group as a percentage to total youth) by gender 2011 - 2020

Gender	Year
Gender	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
Total	734,550	750,864	674,009	668,331	647,863	685,424
Male	224,501	234,616	212,226	216,246	202,043	240,425
Female	510,049	516,247	461,783	452,085	445,820	444,998

NEET Population by gender 2015 - 2020

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Distribution of youth

(age 15-24) population

2020

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Under Unemployment rate

Underemployment rate by major industry group - 2020

Underemployment rate by District - 2020

Underemployment / Unemployment by Province and District 2020

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Background –19^th ICLS Resolution

Proposed new standards developed through wide consultation and presented to ICLS in October 2013 for adoption

Key elements

First statistical definition of ‘work’
Definitions for 5 different forms of work

Employment (narrower than previous definition)
Own use production work (goods or Services)
Volunteer work (goods or Services)
Unpaid trainee work
Other

Four different indicators defined (LU1 to LU4)

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Productive activities

Result in producing a good or providing a service

for self or others

Non-Productive activities

Cannot be performed by others on your behalf

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1 Employment and related activities
2 Production of goods for own final use
3 Unpaid domestic services for household and family members
4 Unpaid caregiving services for household and family members
5 Unpaid volunteer, trainee and other unpaid work
6 Learning
7 Socializing and communication, community participation and religious practice
8 Culture, leisure, mass-media and sports practices
9 Self-care and maintenance

SNA work

Non-SNA work

Personal Activities

Productive Activities

(Work Activities)

Non- Productive Activities

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Work

(i.e. ALL activities to produce goods and services)

For own final use

(by households)

For use by others (i.e. other units)

For remuneration (i.e. for pay or profit)

Without remuneration

Own-use production work

Services

Goods

In theory lower number of people employed and higher number of people unemployed

Employment

(work for pay or profit)

Services

Goods

Unpaid trainee work

Other work activities (e.g. unpaid compulsory work)

Volunteer work

S

G

S

G

S

SNA labour input

Reference concept for Labour Force statistics

This chart shows the forms of work framework.

First we identify whether the work is performed for your own use or for others. All work for own use is now called ‘own use production work’.

For those forms of work where the output is used by others we identify if it is for pay or not. If its for pay then it is employment. If it is not for pay then we identify it as volunteer work, unpaid trainee work or ‘other work activities’ which covers things like being required to work while in prison.

The red box shows what employment used to cover under the old standards (as still applied in most countries).

Now own use production of goods, unpaid trainee work and volunteer work to produce goods should be excluded from employment.

In theory we expect to see a lower number of people employed. In reality will depend on existing practices, on how the old standards were applied.

Many countries did not measure volunteer workers or own use producers as employed so in those cases the effect would be small.

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Working age population

Labour force

Unemployed

Do not want employment

Potential

Labour Force

-seeking, not available

-available, not seeking

Time-related underemployed

Labour underutilization

(unmet need for employment)

Employed

(for pay/profit)

Outside the labour force

Labour market attachment

Want employment

but not seeking,

not available

Unmet need for Employment

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NEW Measures of labour underutilization (LU1-LU4)

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Four indicators: to assess the nature of LU throughout the business cycle:

LU1: Unemployment rate:

[persons in unemployment / labour force] x 100

LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment:

[(persons in time-related underemployment + persons in unemployment) / labour force] x 100

LU3: Combined rate of unemployment and potential labour force: 3

[(persons in unemployment + potential labour force) / (extended labour force)] x 100

LU4: Composite measure of labour underutilization:

[(persons in time-related underemployment + persons in unemployment + potential labour force) / (extended labour force)] x 100

NEW Measures of labour underutilization (LU1-LU4)

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Thank you