POPULATION AND MIGRATION

Unit 2

I. Distribution of Population

Part 1- Population

A. Demography

1. Demography is the scientific study of population characteristics.

a. How are people distributed across earth by age, health, gender, occupation, etc.?

b. Where are people located? Why?

c. How does globalization affect population?

2. Population distribution – the patter in which humans are spread out on Earth’s surface.

B. Population Concentrations

1. People are concentrated in four regions:

a. South Asia (1)

b. East Asia (2)

c. Western Europe (3)

d. Southeast Asia (4)

*These 4 population clusters account for 63% of the world’s population, but only 20% of Earth’s land area.

​

2. Dry lands, wet lands, cold lands, and high lands are typically not a part of the ecumene.

Goode Homolosine Projection

B. Population Concentrations

3. The ecumene has expanded greatly throughout human history.

​

​

Discussion Question:

Is this an example of environmental determinism or possibilism? Explain.

Population clusters: the world’s population can be divided into seven regions, each containing approximately 1 billion people.

Cartograms

Population cartogram: a cartogram depicts the size of countries according to population rather than land area.

​

Country shape is usually distorted to demonstrate size of population, but other variables can be applied as well.

Write, Pair, Share

Cartograms

• In your notes, write about what qualities make cartograms a map and what qualities make cartograms a graph. (You can make a T-chart if it’s easier).
• When Mr. Bradford says so, you will get up and find someone who was born in the same season as you. Remain standing with your partner.
• You will take turns sharing. Once you have both shared, you will sit down.

C. Population Density

1. Arithmetic density - # of people divided by total land area

​

2. Physiological density - # of people supported by arable land in a region

​

3. Agricultural density - # of farmers compared to the amount of arable land

​

4. Physiological density and agriculture density help geographers determine if a country or region is meeting/exceeding its carrying capacity, or the number of people it can support on a sustainable basis.

Arithmetic Density

Physiological Density

Agricultural Density

II. Changes in Population

Ch. 2 - Population

Video on Population Growth

A. Natural Increase

1. Crude birth rate (CBR) – total # of live births in a year for every 1,000 people

2. Crude death rate (CDR) – total # of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people

3. Natural increase rate (NIR) - % by which a population grows in a year

Which regions of the world have the highest crude birth rates? Which have the lowest?

Which regions of the world have the highest crude death rates? Which have the lowest?

Which regions of the world have the highest crude death rates? Which have the lowest?

CBR mirrors NIR

B. Fertility and Infant Mortality

1. Total fertility rate – the # of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49)

• TFR of 2.1 = zero population growth
• TFRs have been decreasing worldwide over the last few decades because of female empowerment.

2. Infant mortality rate - # of deaths among infants (under 1 year old) per 1,000 births

3. Life expectancy is the average # of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality levels

​

B. Fertility and Infant Mortality

4. Pronatalist Policy– policies designed to encourage population growth by increasing fertility rates.

• Examples – Free childcare, tax breaks for having more children, paid maternity leave, etc.

​

5. Antinatalist Policy – policies designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates

• China’s one child policy, Egypt's Two Child Campaign

Based on this chart, did China’s one-child policy significantly impact its total fertility rate and its natural increase rate?

What spatial patterns of infant mortality does this map reveal? Why might a country have a high infant mortality rate?

Data from: Centers for Disease Control, National Vital Statistics Reports, 2010.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

What countries enjoy the longest life expectancies? What parts of the world have relatively short life expectancies?

TED Talk – Hans Rosling, “Religion and Babies”

"Religion and Babies" - Hans Rosling

III. Variations in Population Growth

Ch. 2 - Population

A. Demographic Transition

1. Stage 1: Low Growth – very high birth and death rates

2. Stage 2: High Growth – rapidly declining death rates and high birth rates

3. Stage 3: Decreasing Growth – birth rates decline and low death rates

4. Stage 4: Low Growth – very low death and birth rates

5. Stage 5: Declining population – more deaths than births

​

• The reason world population is continuing to grow is because few countries are in stage 4 and stage 5, while many are in stage 2 or stage 3.
• No countries are in stage 1

​

What needs to happen in order for a country to move from stage 2 to stage 3?

​

What needs to happen in order for a country to move from stage 4 to stage 5?

​

What stage do you think most developed countries are at?

​

What stage do you think less developed countries are at?

B. Population Pyramids

1. Population pyramids are bar graphs that display a country’s population by age and gender.

a. Males on the left and females on the right

2. Age distribution

a. Dependency ratio: # of people too old or too young to work compared to those in their productive years

b. 0-14 is a youth dependent, 65+ is an elderly dependent

3. Sex ratio: the proportion of males to females in a population

a. androcentrism – the phenomenon in which a culture demonstrates a marked preference for males.

Rapid Population Growth

(Looks Like a pyramid)

Slow Population Growth

(Looks like a pillar or barrel)

Figure 2.16�Age–Sex Population Pyramids for Countries with High Population Growth Rates.�Countries with high total fertility rates, high infant mortality rates and low life expectancies will have population pyramids with wide bases and narrow tops.

Figure 2.17�Age–Sex Population Pyramids for Countries with Low Population Growth Rates.�Countries with lower total fertility rates and longer life expectancies have population pyramids shaped more uniformly throughout.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Data from: United States Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2014.

Data from: United States Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2014.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Population Decline

Japan’s Changing Population

Analyze each population pyramid. Try to find a reason to explain its distinct shape.

Significantly Younger or Older Populations, 2023

How would you describe the spatial pattern of younger national populations and older national populations? What might be challenges for nations with young/old populations?

Age Dependency Ratio, 2022

What is the relationship to a countries state in the Demographic Transition Model to their dependency ratio?

Quick Write

In your notes, write 3-4 sentences analyzing this political cartoon. What is the artist trying to convey here? How does this relate to our chapter on population?

C. Changes in Demographic Transition

1. The world’s population is increasing rapidly.

a. No countries are in Stage 1

b. Few are in Stage 4

2. We can control the CDR in many countries.

3. People can control the CBR when they choose to have fewer children.

a. The greatest impact on a society’s TFR and NIR is women’s status in that society (access to education, access to the workforce, access to politics, etc)

a. Birthrates decline with increases in economic development and/or use of contraceptives.

D. Malthus on Overpopulation

1. Malthus believed that population was growing faster than the food supply

2. Flaws in the theory:

a. Countries entered Stage 2 at different points

b. Population growth uses other resources besides food

c. Doesn’t take technology into account

d. Population growth wasn’t nearly as rapid as Malthus thought

D. Malthus on Overpopulation

3. Neomalthusians – think Malthus was right for 2 reasons.

a. Specific places can be overpopulated and exceed their carrying capacity.

b. Look at resources other than food – water, oil, natural gas, etc.

​

4. Anti-Malthusians – reject the Malthusian view of population and resources. They emphasize that population growth stimulates innovations and promotes technological advances and increased food production. (Boserup Effect)

Agricultural production and population

E. Epidemiological Transition

1. Epidemiological transition focuses on causes of death at each stage of demographic transition.

a. Stage 1: pestilence and famine (high CDR)

b. Stage 2: receding pandemics (rapidly decreasing CDR)

c. Stage 3: degenerative diseases (moderately declining CDR)

d. Stage 4: delayed degenerative diseases (low but increasing CDR)

e. Stage 5: reemergence of widespread disease due to increased global connections the evolution of disease

The bubonic plague: The bubonic plague, or Black Death, was one of the worst pandemics in human history and is an example of stage 1 of the ETM

Why do more people die of cancer in high-income countries than in low-income countries?

IV. Distribution of Migrants

Ch. 3 Migration

A. Types of Migration

1. International migration is migration from one country to another country.

2. Internal migration is migration within one country.

a. Interregional migration is movement from one region to another region in one country.

b. Intraregional migration is movement within one region in one country.

*Example for both: Rural to urban – Urbanization

*The Great Migration – movement of 6 million African Americans from rural south to primarily northeastern cities

3. Step Migration – migration carried out in a series of steps or stages.

4. Voluntary migration – choosing to move (economic)

5. Forced migration – compelled to move (environmental, political, cultural, refugees)

Forced Migration

B. Eight Great Historical Migrations

1. Europe to North America (Age of Exploration)

2. Iberian Peninsula to Latin America (Age of Exploration)

3. British Isles to South Africa and Australia (Imperialism)

4. West Africa to Brazil, South US, and Caribbean (slave trade)

5. India to South Africa, Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad, Myanmar, Malaysia, and British Guiana (time-contract workers)

6. China to Southeast Asia and Western US (railroad construction and job opportunities)

7. Eastern US to Western US (Gold Rush, Manifest Destiny)

8. Western Russia to Central Asia and Siberia (natural resources and factory jobs)

C. Global Migration Patterns

1. Migration occurs from less developed to more developed countries.

​

2. Net migration is the difference between in-migrants and out-migrants

​

3. Current major global migration flows:

a. L.A. to N.A.

b. Asia to N.A.

c. Asia to Europe

D. US Immigration Patterns

1.17^th-18^th century (colonial)

a. England (voluntary migration) and Africa (forced migration)

2. 19^th-20^th century

a. 1840s-1850s – N. and W. Europe

b. 1870s-1880s – N. and W. Europe

c. 1900s-1910s – S. and E. Europe

3. Late 20^th century – present

a. Asia and Latin America

V. Migration Within a Country

Ch. 3 Migration

A. Interregional Migration in the US

1. Changing centers of population

2020

Hartville, Missouri

B. Interregional/Intraregional Migration

1. Migration from rural to urban areas – primarily for economic improvement (URBANIZATION)

• Push Factor: Declining economic opportunities in rural areas
• Pull Factor: Increase in economic activities in urban areas (factory jobs, service, industries, etc.)

2. Migration from urban to suburban areas – tends to happen in more developed places in N.A. where suburbs are viewed as “nicer” places to live (Cultural).

• Suburbanization does not occur in Europe, only N.A.

3. Counterurbanization – migration from cities to more rural areas.

Internal Migration: Case Studies

• Russia, Canada, China, & Brazil (front)
• Pgs. 86-88
• Use course vocab in your responses
• Reference the maps and discuss how they explain the phenomena taking place
• Mexico – Motive to Migrate (back)
• http://www.learner.org/series/powerofplace/page21.html
• Take notes and answer the questions

VI. Reasons for Migration

Ch. 3 Migration

A. Push and Pull Factors

1. Push factors encourage migration, and pull factors attract migrants.

a. Economic – resources, job prospects, etc. (voluntary migration)

b. Cultural and/or Political – slavery, political instability (refugees and democratic freedom), etc.

c. Environmental – attractive v. hazardous environments, health reasons, natural disasters, etc.

2. Intervening obstacles are environmental or political factors that hinder migration.

3. Intervening opportunity is a feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a different destination than they originally intended.

Brainstorm: Push/Pull Factors

Copy this chart in your notes. Work with a partner to brainstorm at least 3-4 push and pull factors for each category. Label push “-” and pull “+.” Each partner must have their own work written down. Use pg. 196-198 in your textbook.

Economic

Social

Political

Environmental

Simple Migration Model

​

Location A Location B

PUSH

PULL

Migration

Lee’s Model of Migration

​

Location A Location B

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Intervening Obstacles

B. Lee’s Model of Migration

1. Doesn’t isolate specific push and pull factors

2. Every location has a range of attributes

- negative, + positive, 0 neutral

3. Different people will have different perceptions of the push and pull factors.

4. Intervening obstacles – complications that potential migrants will need to overcome to reach their destination.

*Intervening opportunities also exist which cause a migrant to settle before reaching their intended dentation that is further away

C. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter-migration.

2. The majority of migrants move a short distance.

3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.

4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.

5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

Ernst Ravenstein 1834-1913

D. Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Model

1. Explains migration patterns that occur at different stages of the demographic transition model.

E. Characteristics of Migrants

1. Gender of migrants

a. 1^st wave – generally male

b. 2^nd wave – generally female

2. Family status of migrants

a. Mostly adults seeking work

b. Many leave the home country and send money back home to families (Remittances)

3. Chain Migration – family and community members of migrants migrating to the same destination

VII. Opportunities and Obstacles

Ch. 3 Migration

A. US Quota Laws

1. Quota Acts – 1921, 1924, 1965

2. Country vs. hemisphere quotas

3. In the US, talented professionals and skilled workers get selected the most.

a. Can lead to a brain drain, or large-scale emigration by talented people.

b. Brain gain is when a country receives these migrants (immigration)

4. Post-9/11 policies have affected asylum seekers, legal immigrants, and illegal immigrants.

What REGION was the main source of origin for migrants coming to the United states in the 19^th century (1800s)?

​

What REGION was the main source of origin for migrants coming to the United states in the 20^th century (1900s)?

​

Think of two reasons that might explain this change.

B. Temporary Migration for Work

1. Guest workers

a. Work low wage jobs outside of their home country, often sending money back home (Remittances)

b. Considered legal, documented migrants who have work visas, usually short-term.

c. Can be exploited by employers.

2. Time-contract workers

a. Immigrant recruited for a fixed period of time to work in mines or plantations

C. Refugees

1. Refugees flee their home country for a well-founded fear of being persecuted.

2. Refugees are considered special cases and is considered forced migration.

3. The process of being recognized as a refugee:

a. Internally-displaced person

b. Asylum seeker

c. Refugee

4. The main causes for refugees include military conflict or persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, or political opinion.

*NO SUCH THING AS AN ECONOMIC REFUGEE!

Syrian Refugees in Lebanon