The Age of Nationalism
1848-1914
Nationalism: strong identification
with a nation-state
1848
Liberalism + Romanticism = popular uprisings
universal male suffrage
constitutions
1848
Liberalism + Romanticism = popular uprisings
universal male suffrage
constitutions
Austria: nationalism in Hungary
Ferdinand I capitulated; Metternich fled
Francis Joseph (r. 1848-1916) w/ Nicholas I (Russia)
end of serfdom in Austrian empire
Germany
liberal nationalism movements fought by Prussia
France: Napoleon III
Italy: national unification goal
Not touched by “spirit of ‘48”
____________: too advanced
____________: too backward
France: Napoleon III
Italy: national unification goal
Not touched by “spirit of ‘48”
Great Britain: too advanced
Russia: too backward
Crimean War (1853-1856)
France, Great Britain, Ottoman Turks vs. Russia
Issue: decline of the Ottoman Turks and control of
the Black Sea
Crimean War (1853-1856)
France, Great Britain, Ottoman Turks vs. Russia
Issue: decline of the Ottoman Turks and control of
the Black Sea
modern war: railroads & telegraph
new nursing techniques
--Florence Nightingale
"Charge of the Light Brigade"
by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
France
Louis Napoleon elected (1848)
uncle a legend (romantics)
middle class: feared socialism
strong leader AND champion of the people?
overthrew National Assembly (1851)
Hereditary emperor (97% vote)
Napoleon III (emperor, 1852-1870)
railroads, Paris rebuilt, labor rights, universal male
suffrage
Germany
Prussian ruler William I (r. 1861-1888)
Otto von Bismarck (“The Iron Chancellor”) (1815-1898)
blood and iron (not liberalism)
realpolitik (might makes right)
Germany
Prussian ruler William I (r. 1861-1888)
Otto von Bismarck (“The Iron Chancellor”) (1815-1898)
blood and iron
realpolitik (might makes right)
Prussia & Austria defeated Denmark
Germany
Prussian ruler William I (r. 1861-1888)
Otto von Bismarck (“The Iron Chancellor”) (1815-1898)
blood and iron
realpolitik (might makes right)
Prussia & Austria defeat Denmark
>
Germany
Prussian ruler William I (r. 1861-1888)
Otto von Bismarck (“The Iron Chancellor”) (1815-1898)
blood and iron
realpolitik (might makes right)
Prussia & Austria defeated Denmark
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Prussian victory
North German Confederation --> Austria out
Bismarck won over Germans
2 house Parliament
universal male suffrage
satisfied nationalist urges
still needed to win over Southern Germany
Bismarck won over Germans
2 house Parliament
universal male suffrage
satisfied nationalist urges
still needed to win over Southern Germany
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
lame reason for war
southern German states rallied to the cause
Prussian victory = German empire
William I --> Kaiser
harsh treaty with France
1861 Prussia ranked 5th among European powers
1861 Prussia ranked 5th among European powers
1871 Germany ranked 1st among European powers