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What you can do for

Ethereum 2.0 a.k.a. sharding

Q2 2018

Ethereum Research

​

Hsiao-Wei Wang �(hwwhww/icebearhww)

​

Taipei Ethereum Meetup�June 12th, 2018

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Updated: 2018/06/21

  • The latest research direction is that the “beacon chain” that will produce random numbers with RANDAO-based scheme.
  • In the latest scheme, the full Casper FFG logic is in the beacon chain to support both beacon chain and shard chains staking.
  • In the latest scheme, there’s no a sharding manager contract in main chain to deal with block proposal and notarization logic. The finality of shards is determined by cross-links.

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What you can do for�Ethereum 2.0 a.k.a. sharding�

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What is sharding?

What you can do for�Ethereum 2.0 a.k.a. sharding�

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What is sharding?

Where can you start to dig into sharding?

What you can do for�Ethereum 2.0 a.k.a. sharding�

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What is sharding?

Where can you start to dig into sharding?

How can you contribute to Ethereum 2.0?�

What you can do for�Ethereum 2.0 a.k.a. sharding�

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What is sharding?

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Layer 1

​

Scaling Solution

Sharding

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Layer 1

Secure and Decentralized �Scaling Solution

Sharding

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Main Chain

The main Ethereum 1.0 blockchain

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Shard Chains (Shards)�

  • Creating many new chains for Ethereum 2.0
  • Each shard chain is a new galaxy

​

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Quadratic Sharding

Computation: each computer can process c transactions, the main chain can process c transactions.

Main Chain

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Quadratic Sharding

Main chain nodes can watch c shards

Computation: each computer can process c transactions, the main chain can process c transactions.

Main Chain

Shard 1

Shard 2

Shard c

….

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Main Chain

Shard 1

Shard 2

Shard c

….

Quadratic Sharding

Computation: each computer can process c transactions, the main chain can process c transactions.

Main chain nodes can watch c shards

The whole system can process c2 transactions

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Goal: Tightly Coupled Sharding Chain

  • Some proofs of the shard chains will be written into main chain block.

​

  • A main chain block is invalid if the shard chain blocks proofs (links) that included are invalid.

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Recent R&D�Concept

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Beacon Chain

provides random numbers

Shard Chain

provides data

Shard 100

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

VM

provides state �execution result

Shard 1

Main Chain

provides staking

B1 �state root

B2 �state root

B3�state root

B4 �state root

B5�state root

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Staking - Sharding Manager Contract (SMC)

  • Casper-like Proof-of-Stake
  • Shared validator pool
    • shard chain proposers
    • shard chain notaries
    • [future] Casper validators

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Random Number Generation

  • In-research schemes:
    • RANDAO-based
    • BLS-based
    • STARK-based
  • Use random number for:
    • Selecting block proposer
    • Selecting notarization committee

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Data Layer

  • Only data-consensus
    • Block bodies are just blobs, no state root in the header
    • Data availability

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State Layer

  • EVM disadvantages:
    • 256-bit stack items
    • Metering�...
  • Ethereum flavored WebAssembly (eWASM)

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Where can you �start to dig into?

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Random Number Generation

Block Proposal

Notary Committee Selection

Data Availability

Casper Integration

libp2p�Transport Layer

Sharding Network Topology

eWASM

Account

Abstraction

Account Restriction

Stateless

Client

Efficient Accumulator

Data �Encoding n’ Decoding

Backend System and API Design

Testnet

DevOps

Formal

Verification

System�Audit

Digital Signature Scheme

Cross-shard Transaction

Sharding�Protocol

P2P

State Execution

Efficient Scheme

Engineering

Security

UX for Devs

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libp2p�Transport Layer

Sharding Network Topology

eWASM

Account

Abstraction

Account Restriction

Stateless

Client

Efficient Accumulator

Data �Encoding n’ Decoding

Backend System and API Design

Testnet

DevOps

Formal

Verification

System�Audit

Digital Signature Scheme

Cross-shard Transaction

P2P

State Execution

Efficient Scheme

Engineering

Security

UX for Devs

Random Number Generation

Block Proposal

Data Availability

Casper Integration

Sharding�Protocol

Notary Committee Selection

Ethereum Research Discourse�✨ https://ethresear.ch/ ✨

Vitalik’s favorite forum, next only to reddit.com/r/Buttcoin.

Vitalik Buterin: A note on data availability and erasure coding

Read Casper first! EIP 1011

Vitalik Buterin: Sharding FAQ

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Random Number Generation

Block Proposal

Notary Committee Selection

Data Availability

Casper Integration

eWASM

Account

Abstraction

Account Restriction

Stateless

Client

Efficient Accumulator

Data �Encoding n’ Decoding

Backend System and API Design

Testnet

DevOps

Formal

Verification

System�Audit

Digital Signature Scheme

Cross-shard Transaction

Sharding�Protocol

State Execution

Efficient Scheme

Engineering

Security

UX for Devs

libp2p�Transport Layer

Sharding Network Topology

P2P

Ethereum Research Discourse�✨ https://ethresear.ch/ ✨

libp2p issue#33 Exploring Ethereum on libp2p

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Random Number Generation

Block Proposal

Notary Committee Selection

Data Availability

Casper Integration

libp2p�Transport Layer

Sharding Network Topology

eWASM

Account

Abstraction

Account Restriction

Stateless

Client

Backend System and API Design

Testnet

DevOps

Formal

Verification

System�Audit

Cross-shard Transaction

Sharding�Protocol

P2P

State Execution

Engineering

Security

UX for Devs

Efficient Accumulator

Data �Encoding n’ Decoding

Digital Signature Scheme

Efficient Scheme

Ethereum Research Discourse�✨ https://ethresear.ch/ ✨

Sparse Merkle Trees (SMTs)

RLP Replacement

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Random Number Generation

Block Proposal

Notary Committee Selection

Data Availability

Casper Integration

libp2p�Transport Layer

Sharding Network Topology

Efficient Accumulator

Data �Encoding n’ Decoding

Backend System and API Design

Testnet

DevOps

Formal

Verification

System�Audit

Digital Signature Scheme

Sharding�Protocol

P2P

Efficient Scheme

Engineering

Security

UX for Devs

eWASM

Account

Abstraction

Account Restriction

Stateless

Client

Cross-shard Transaction

State Execution

GH: ewasm/design

and gitter

Jannik Luhn:�Account List

Vitalik Buterin:�Stateless Client Concept

Vitalik Buterin:�Sharding FAQ

Nicholas Lin (twedusuck):�Account Abstraction in Sharding

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Random Number Generation

Block Proposal

Notary Committee Selection

Data Availability

Casper Integration

libp2p�Transport Layer

Sharding Network Topology

eWASM

Account

Abstraction

Account Restriction

Stateless

Client

Efficient Accumulator

Data �Encoding n’ Decoding

Formal

Verification

System�Audit

Digital Signature Scheme

Cross-shard Transaction

Sharding�Protocol

P2P

State Execution

Efficient Scheme

Security

Backend System and API Design

Testnet

DevOps

Engineering

UX for Devs

Trinity Ethereum Client is Trinity

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Random Number Generation

Block Proposal

Notary Committee Selection

Data Availability

Casper Integration

libp2p�Transport Layer

Sharding Network Topology

eWASM

Account

Abstraction

Account Restriction

Stateless

Client

Efficient Accumulator

Data �Encoding n’ Decoding

Backend System and API Design

Testnet

DevOps

Digital Signature Scheme

Cross-shard Transaction

Sharding�Protocol

P2P

State Execution

Efficient Scheme

Engineering

UX for Devs

Formal

Verification

System�Audit

Security

Yoichi Hirai: Formal Verification of Ethereum Contracts

Dr. Christian Reitwiessner: Formal Verification of Smart Contracts (IC3-Ethereum Crypto Boot Camp)

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How can you

contribute to Ethereum 2.0?

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Join ShardCoin ICO!

​

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Join ShardCoin ICO!

​

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

THAT’S A SCAM!!!

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Ethereum Research Discourse�https://ethresear.ch/

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Sharding Manager Contract

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Python Implementation - Trinity

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Bounty

photo credit: Gitcoin Medium

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Other On-going Implementations

  • Status.im - Nimbus (Nim)
  • ConsenSys - PegaSys (Java)
  • Prysmatic Labs - geth-sharding (Golang)
  • Drops of Diamond - Diamond Drops (Rust)�
  • Cross-client gitter channel: ethereum/sharding

​

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Grants

  • Scalability
  • Usability
  • Security
  • Hackternship
    • 10-week $10K externship for your spare-time working on Ethereum!
  • Other Grants for Ethereum related work

​

​

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We are looking for ...

Blockchain Researchers

P2P Masters

Experienced Python Engineers

Email jobs+sharding@ethereum.org with subject line: "sharding"

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Thank you!

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Vector Icons by Matthew Skiles

Presentation template designed by Slidesmash

Photographs by unsplash.com and pexels.com

CREDITS

Special thanks to all people who made and share these awesome resources for free:

Icons made by Becris from www.flaticon.com is licensed by CC 3.0 BY

The bear picture

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Presentation Design

This presentation uses the following typographies and colors:

Colors used

Free Fonts used:

https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/nunito

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Random Number Generation

Block Proposal

Notary Committee Selection

Data Availability

Casper Integration

libp2p�Transport Layer

Sharding Network Topology

eWASM

Account

Abstraction

Account Restriction

Stateless

Client

Efficient Accumulator

Data �Encoding n’ Decoding

Backend System and API Design

Testnet

DevOps

Formal

Verification

System�Audit

Digital Signature Scheme

Cross-shard Transaction

Sharding�Protocol

P2P

State Execution

Efficient Scheme

Engineering

Security

UX for Devs

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Random Number Generation

Block Proposal

Notary Committee Selection

Data Availability

Casper Integration

libp2p�Transport Layer

Sharding Network Topology

eWASM

Account

Abstraction

Account Restriction

Stateless

Client

Efficient Accumulator

Data �Encoding n’ Decoding

Backend System and API Design

Testnet

DevOps

Formal

Verification

System�Audit

Digital Signature Scheme

Cross-shard Transaction

Sharding�Protocol

P2P

State Execution

Efficient Scheme

Engineering

Security

UX for Devs

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Beacon Chain

provides random numbers

Shard Chain

provides data

Shard 100

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

VM

provides state �execution result

Shard 1

Main Chain

provides staking

B1 �state root

B2 �state root

B3�state root

B4 �state root

B5�state root