Class – 1 & 2

Dairy Industry in India

• 1889- Military dairy Farm in Allahabad
• 1913- Establishment of small scale milk union
• 1945- Long distance refrigerated train transport
• 1950- Pasturization and bottling of milk large scale- Aarey
• 1961-Worli
• 1959-Delhi
• 1963- Madras
• Establishment of milk plant – Five –year plans
• Objectives:- increase National level milk consumption –
• Better returns, better and cheaper milk

​

​

Dairy Industry in India

• 280 g is recommended for daily per capita milk consumption
• Market Milk: refers to fluid of whole milk that is sold to individuals usually for direct consumption.
• Acc. PFA, 1976, the standards for different classes and designation of milk in india
• Buffalo milk –raw, pasturized, boiled, flavoured and sterlized ( Fat -6.0, SNF-9.0)
• Cow milk – 3.5, 8.5

(Chandigarh, Har, Punjab-4.0, 8.5)

​

Dairy Industry in India

• Goat milk –raw, pasturized, boiled, flavoured and sterlized ( Fat -3.5, SNF-9.0)
• Std milk – 4.5, 8.5
• Tonned milk – 3.5, 8.5
• Double toned milk – 1.5, 9.0
• Skim milk – 0.5, 8.7

​

​

​

Urea forms the major non-protein nitrogen in the milk. Accepted urea conc. in the milk is 70 mg/dl.

Class II

Milch Breeds of Cattle

 Indigenous dairy breeds of cattle

 Gir:

​

• This breed is otherwise called as Bhadawari, Desan, Gujarati, Kathiawari, Sorthi, and Surati.
• Originated in Gir forests of South Kathiawar in Gujarat also found in Maharashtra and adjacent Rajasthan.
• Basic colours of skin are white with dark red or chocolate-brown patches or sometimes black or purely red.
• Horns are peculiarly curved, giving a ‘half moon’ appearance.
• Milk yield ranges from 1200-1800 kgs per lactation.
• This bread is known for its hardiness and disease resistance

​

Milch Breeds of Cattle

 Indigenous dairy breeds of cattle

 Red Sindhi:

​

• This breed is otherwise called as Red Karachi and Sindhi and Mahi.
• Originated in Karachi and Hyderabad (Pakistan) regions of undivided India and also reared in certain organized farms in our country.
• Colour is red with shades varying from dark red to light, strips of white.
• Milk yield ranges from 1250 to 1800 kgs per lactation.
• Bullocks despite lethargic and slow can be used for road and field work.

​

Milch Breeds of Cattle

 Indigenous dairy breeds of cattle

 Sahiwal:

​

• Originated in Montgomery region of undivided India.
• This breed otherwise known as Lola (loose skin), Lambi Bar, Montgomery, Multani, Teli.
• Best indigenous dairy breed.
• Reddish dun or pale red in colour, sometimes flashed with white patches.
• Heavy breed with symmetrical body having loose skin.
• The average milk yield of this breed is between 1400 and 2500 kgs per lactation.

​

Breeds of Cattle

  Indigenous Draught breeds of cattle

 Hallikar:

• Originated from the former princely state of Vijayanagarm, presently part of Karnataka.
• The colour is grey or dark grey.
• Compact, muscular and medium size animal with prominent forehead, long horns and strong legs.
• The breed is best known for its draught capacity and especially for its trotting ability.

​

Breeds of Cattle

  Indigenous Draught breeds of cattle

  Amritmahal:

• Originated in Hassan, Chikmagalur and Chitradurga district of Karnataka.
• Amiritmahals are grey cattle but their shade varies from almost white to near black.
• The muzzle, feat and tail are usually black.�
• Horns are long and end in sharp black points

​

Breeds of Cattle

  Indigenous Draught breeds of cattle

   Khillari:

• Originated from Sholapur and Sitapur districts of Maharashtra.
• Closely resembles Hallikar breed.
• Grey-white in colour.
• Long horns turn forwards in a peculiar fashion. The horns are generally black, sometimes pinkish.
• Bullocks are fast and powerful.

​

Breeds of Cattle

  Indigenous Draught breeds of cattle

   Kangayam:

• Also known as kongu and konganad.
• Originated in Kangayam, Dharapuram, Perundurai, Erode, Bhavani and part of Gobichettipalayam taluk of Erode and Coimbatore district.
• Bulls are grey with dark colour in hump, fore and hind quarters.
• The horns are spread apart, nearly straight with a slight curve backwards.
• Cows are grey or white.
• The eyes are dark and prominent with black rings around them.
• Moderate size with compact bodies.

​

Breeds of Cattle

  Indigenous Draught breeds of cattle

  Bargur:

• Found around Bargur hills in Bhavani taluk of Erode district in Tamilnadu.
• Developed for work in uneven hilly terrains.
• Generally brown colour with white markings.
• Animals are well built, compact and medium in size.
• Known for their speed and endurance in trotting.
• Cautious in behaviour and tends to remain away from strangers.

​

Breeds of Cattle

  Indigenous Draught breeds of cattle

  Umblachery:

• It is otherwise called as Jathi madu, Mottai madu, Molai madu, Therkathi madu.
• Originated inThanjavur, Thiruvarur and Nagappattinam districts of Tamil Nadu.
• Suitable for wet ploughing and known for their strength and sturdiness.
• Umblachery calves are generally red or brown at birth with all the characteristic white marking on the face, on limbs and tail.
• The legs have white markings below the hocks like socks.
• The practice of dehorning of bullocks is peculiar in Umblachery cattle.

​

Breeds of Cattle

  Indigenous Draught breeds of cattle

  Pulikulam:

• This breed is commonly seen in cumbum valley of Madurai district in Tamil Nadu.
• Also known as Jallikattu madu, kidai madu, sentharai.
• Small in size, usually grey or dark grey in colour.
• Well- developed hump.
• Mainly used for penning in the field.
• Useful for ploughing.
• Presence of reddish or brownish spots in muzzle, eyes, switch and back is the characteristic feature of this breed. 
• Typical backward curving horns of likeMysore type cattle.
• Breeds are active, useful draught animals but not fast trotter

​

​

Breeds of Cattle

  Indigenous Draught breeds of cattle

  Alambadi:

• Originated from Alambadi of Dharmapuri district in Tamilnadu.
• Grey or dark grey in colour. 
• White markings will be seen in forehead, limb and tail.
• Horns are backward curving like Mysore cattle.
• Resembles Hallikar and also known as Betas.
• It is useful in ploughing

​

​

Breeds of Cattle

  Indigenous Dual purpose breeds of Cattle

  Tharparkar :

• Originated in Tharparkar district (Pakistan) of undivided India and also found in Rajasthan.
• Otherwise known as White Sindhi, Gray Sindhi and Thari.
• They are medium sized, compact and have lyre-shaped horn.
• Body colour is white or light grey.
• The bullocks are quite suitable for ploughing and casting and the cows yield 1800 to 2600 kgs of milk per lactation.

​

Breeds of Cattle

  Indigenous Dual purpose breeds of Cattle

   Hariana:

• It was originated from Rohtak, Hisar, Jind and Gurgaon districts of Haryana and also popular in Punjab, UP and parts of MP.
• Horns are small.
• The bullocks are powerful work animals.
• Hariana cows are fair milkers yielding 600 to 800 kg of milk per lactation.

​

​

Breeds of Cattle

  Indigenous Dual purpose breeds of Cattle

Ongole

• Otherwise known as Nellore.
• Home tract is Ongole taluk in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh.
• Large muscular breed with a well developed hump.
• Suitable for heavy draught work.
• White or light grey in colour.
• Average milk yield is 1000 kgs per lactation.

​

Breeds of Cattle

 Exotic dairy breeds of cattle

Jersey

• Originated from Jersey Island, U.K.
• Smallest of the dairy types of cattle.
• In India this breed has accliamatized well and is widely used in cross breeding with indigenous cows.
• The typical colour of Jersey cattle is reddish fawn.
• Dished forehead; compact and angular body.
• Economical producers of milk with 4.5% fat.
• Average milk yield is 4500 kgs per lactation.

​

Breeds of Cattle

 Exotic dairy breeds of cattle

Holstein Friesian

• originated from the northern parts of Netherlands, especially in the province of Friesland.
• Largest dairy breed and ruggedly built is shape and possess large udder.
• Breeds have typical marking of black and white that make them easily distinguishable.
• The average milk production of cow is 6000 to 7000 kgs per lactation.

​

Breeds of Cattle

 Exotic dairy breeds of cattle

Brown Swiss

​

• The mountainous region of Switzerland is the place of origin of Brown Swiss breed.
• Breeds are rugged in nature and good milk production.
• Average milk yield is 5000 kgs per lactation.
• The Karan Swiss is the excellent crossbred cattle obtained by crossing this breed with Sahiwal cattle at NDRI, Karnal.

Breeds of Cattle

 Exotic dairy breeds of cattle

 Red Dane :

• Orginated in Denmark.
• Body colour of this Danish breed is red, reddish brown or even dark brown.
• It is also a heavy breed;
• The lactation yield of Red Dane cattle varies from 3000 to 4000 kgs.

​

Breeds of Cattle

 Exotic dairy breeds of cattle

 Guernsey:

• Originated from Small island of Guernsey in France.
• Cherry red to brown in colour. Mahagony and white is a variation in colour.
• The milk has a golden colour due to an exceptionally high content of beta carotene
• Guernsey cows produce around 6000 kgs per lactation.
• The Guernsey cow has many notable advantages for the dairy farmer over other breeds includes high efficiency of milk production, low incidence of calving difficulty and longevity.

​

Breeds of Cattle

 Cross bred - Dairy Cattle

 Jersey cross

• Jersey crosses are produced by upgrading/ cross breeding the non descript / Indigenous breeds of cows with Jersey breed semen.
• Jersey crosses are suitable dairy animals for tropical plains of our country.
• They are medium sized, have better heat tolerance than other exotic crosses and well adapted to our climate.
• Depending on the milk production potential of our indigenous cows, the Jersey crosses may show 2 to 3 fold increase in milk yield in the first generation.

​