Urban Land Models�

Open up your textbooks to Chapter 9

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Essential Questions

• What has changed in human societies over the past centuries in regard to where and how we live?
• What are the primary reasons behind over 50% of human populations living in urban areas and its impacts on our geographical locations?

Urban Morphology

• Morphology (254) is the shape of the city
• layout of a city
• physical form or structure

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Russellville Morphology – Google Maps

Colorado Morphology – advantages or disadvantages?�http://www.freeworldmaps.net/united-states/arkansas/map.html

Morphology advantages?�http://www.evo.org/sherlock/northeastern_usa.html

Turn to a Partner

What does shape have to do with geographical place and location?

Site

• Site (253-54) – is the absolute location and physical characteristics of a place
• Positive Sites – Paris, Singapore
• Negative Sites – Mexico City, Bangkok, New Orleans
• Site does not change

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Site characteristics of Paris�http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/france/paris/paris.html

Singapore’s site�http://www.ezilon.com/maps/asia/singapore-maps.html

Mexico City’s site�http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Aerial-View-of-Mexico-City-Posters_i3990579_.htm

�Bangkok, Thailand’s�site�http://www.nanathailand.com/bangkok-khlongs-and-canals/�http://poleshift.ning.com/profiles/blogs/thailand-bangkok-continues-to-fall-apart

Let’s talk some more

What is one characteristic that makes a site positive? What is one that makes it negative?

Situation

• Situation (253-54) is the relative location and its place in the region and world
• Situation is the position relative to much-traveled transport routes, productive farmland, manufacturing, other towns/cities, etc.
• Situation can change

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What are possible site characteristics of this place in west Belgium?

Urban Concepts

• How and why did cities begin?
• How did cities grow? Remember Gravity Model?
• Primate City
• Megacities
• Global Cities

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Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Transportation Development�http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borchert's_Epochs�

• Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830), low and slow tech
• Iron Horse Epoch (1830–70), characterized by impact of steam engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks
• Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920), dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network
• Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–70), with growth in the gasoline combustion engine
• Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970–?). Also called the High-Technology Epoch

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Borchert – U.S. Urban Growth Stages

Borchert and Urban Growth

US. Cities structure – circa end of WW II – Compare to Borchert�http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft8779p1zm;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print

Denmark?

Parking tower in Germany. Why?

Same but a little less fancy in Shanghai, China

What do we always say about models?

• It’s just a model
• Is this what most men & women look like?
• It’s the same way with models in geography…
• Geography models are simply theoretical representations of the built environment

Definitions we need to know

• Urban Functions – What are they?
• Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Metropolis, Megalopolis – What’s difference between each one? # & type of urban functions
• Low order goods
• High order goods
• Population Threshold - # of people
• Market threshold – amount of $ in the place/area
• Range or Range of Sale
• Rank-Size Rule
• Functional hierarchies – this determines big, small or medium – how does everything fit together?
• Basic Sector
• Non-basic Sector
• Multiplier Effect
• Complementary Region - exclusive hinterland within which the town has a monopoly on the sale of a certain good(s)

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Christaller looked at the arrangement of urban place and functions. He started trying to model what he saw. Ok, put your round crackers onto your paper towel and start hypothesizing as Christaller did. Next use the hexagonal crackers.�http://myfundi.co.za/e/Settlements_II:_Rural_settlements&usg�

Arrangement and Spacing of Urban Places

• Circular shapes resulted in unserved or overlapped areas
• Hexagons had no gaps or overlaps
• This suggests an inverse relationship of higher order and lower order settlements (towns and cities)
• Theoretically, settlements will be equidistant from each other
• In other words, big towns/cities are farther apart from each other
• It’s all about types, number, and size of urban functions

The model to reality�http://unplanning.blogspot.com/2005/07/paging-dr-christaller.html

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• Three Classic Urban Models – p. 264
• Other Urban Models – pp. 263-270
• 10^th Edition Rubenstein – pp. 413-414 and 422

Burgess Concentric Zone Model�http://www.lgfl.net/lgfl/leas/barnet/accounts/migration/web/Land%20Use/documents/burgess-re-done.jpg

Characteristics of Concentric Zone�en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Burgess

• Burgess studied 1920s Chicago to make this model
• 5 concentric zones
• Focus is on the primacy of the CBD
• Burgess suggested that immigrants lived in inner zones which caused affluent residents to move farther out
• Invasion and Succession
• Weaknesses of Model
• Concentric Zone’s weakness is that it does not allow for change in the city
• Concentric Zone does not allow for physical geographic barriers

Or this…�http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/APHG/Unit%206/urbannotes.htm

Or, how about this? �Pg. 411 Rubenstein

Does this really work on the landscape?

Applying the Models – use Rubenstein pp. 413-14

• Look at the map (figure 13-7) of Dallas on Page 413 of Rubenstein (10^th ed) for Concentric Zone
• Compare with Dallas map on Page 422

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Hoyt Sector Model

Hoyt Sector Model

• Late 1930s
• Answered the drawbacks of Burgess Model
• Hoyt said pie-shaped urban structures created by growth along them
• Sector model is also based on bid rent
• Hoyt said his pie-shaped zones could reach from the Core (CBD) to the edge of the city (e.g. low rent sector 3 from CBD to outskirt of city)
• Sectors were developed along transport routes (e.g. highways, RRs, etc.)
• Sector Model says that the CBD is not as important as Burgess indicated

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Or, how about this?�Pg. 411 Rubenstein

Applying the Models – use Rubenstein pp. 413-14

• Look at the map (figure 13-8) of Dallas on Page 413 of Rubenstein (10^th ed) for Sector Model
• Compare with Dallas map on Page 422

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Harris & Ullman – Multiple Nuclei�http://cronodon.com/PlanetTech/Cities_Structure.html

Multiple Nuclei�

• 1940s
• Harris & Ullman hypothesized the CBD was further losing its dominance
• CBD no longer the nucleus of the modern city, thus emergence of ‘nuclei’
• Reflects decentralization and then re-nucleation of urban functions
• Also, each nucleus is disconnected and do not necessarily rely on another nucleus
• Suburban downtowns appear

Or, how about this?�Pg. 412 Rubenstein

Applying the Models – use Rubenstein pp. 413-14

• Look at the map (figure 13-9) of Dallas on Page 414 of Rubenstein (10^th ed) for Multiple Nuclei
• Compare with Dallas map on Page 422

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Let’s look at all three now�www.csiss.org

Urban Realms Model�www.csiss.org

• Vance
• 1980s
• Modeled after cities like Atlanta and Los Angeles
• Further metamorphosis of multiple nuclei

Galactic City Model – p. 263�from Fouberg, Murphy, de Blij – 11^th ed.

• Modeled on present-day Toronto and Los Angeles
• Complex city model in which centrality of functions no longer significant
• Rise and importance of edge cities and edge city downtowns
• Old downtown areas take on role of festival/recreational areas
• New centers of economic activity – widely dispersed industrial parks, shopping centers, high-tech industrial spaces, edge city downtowns, and industrial suburbs

Galactic City Model and Edge Cities

https://docs.google.com/a/russellvilleschools.net/presentation/d/19GW35hYkk_7tlfiW9xAFz7PJ48s47x1PJJhsfNH2OmQ/embed?hl=en&size=s#slide=id.p33�

https://docs.google.com/a/russellvilleschools.net/presentation/d/19GW35hYkk_7tlfiW9xAFz7PJ48s47x1PJJhsfNH2OmQ/embed?hl=en&size=s#slide=id.p33�

https://docs.google.com/a/russellvilleschools.net/presentation/d/19GW35hYkk_7tlfiW9xAFz7PJ48s47x1PJJhsfNH2OmQ/embed?hl=en&size=s#slide=id.p33�

Galactic City Model and Edge Cities

• Good overview of all of the urban models
• https://docs.google.com/a/russellvilleschools.net/presentation/d/19GW35hYkk_7tlfiW9xAFz7PJ48s47x1PJJhsfNH2OmQ/embed?hl=en&size=s#slide=id.p33

A few examples of Urban Terms

• White Flight
• Sprawl
• Rank-Size Rule
• Bedroom Communities
• Sense of Place
• In-fill or In-filling
• Covenants
• Zoning – See Russellville Zoning Handout
• NIMBY
• Revitalization
• Gentrification
• DINK

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• Commodification
• Blockbusting
• Redlining
• Other Side of the Tracks
• Tenements/Row Houses/Brownstones
• Edge Cities
• Megalopolis
• Big Box or Power Center
• Traffic Generator
• Anchor
• AM and PM Side of Market
• Gated Community

What does Anchor Space mean?�Photo Credit – Ariston Gray

NIMBY issue in Dallas�Photo by Chris Newby

McMansions and NIMBY

• http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/realestate/as-florida-mcmansions-multiply-neighbors-cope-in-the-shadows/2262310

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A very interesting look at NIMBY�with thanks to Ruth Lykins for finding this

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QobxnFYhMos

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Little Boxes and Gated Communities

• Little Boxes
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3_ug-IGBJY
• Gated Communities
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQNBVsLR5F0

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Other Special Urban Areas/Clusters

• Gay/Lesbian districts
• Sports/Entertainment Districts
• Art Districts
• Medical districts/corridors
• Homeless Areas
• Urban Villages (e.g., Ft. Worth)

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Revitalization and Gentrification – see Baltimore’s downtown and Inner Harbor district http://baltimore.org/about-baltimore/inner-harbor

Another way to keep “those people” out

• Zoning
• School zones – particularly elementary schools
• Transportation geography – creating highways, rails as buffers between disparate racial areas
• Suburbs – property values

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Property values, race, income and other such things…A real estate contract from Miami area

Suburbanization

• Video One – Post-WWII Suburbanization

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Redlining, Blockbusting, Property Values, Race

• Video Two – Chicago – Redlining and Blockbusting
• APHG\APHG - Urban - Video2 - Redlining and Blockbusting.mov
• Video Three - Creation of parks to block development - Deerfield, IL case study - video
• APHG\APHG - Urban - Video3 - Chicago - Deerfield.m4v

Who can afford to live in the upscale neighborhoods? What about accessibility and proximity to affordable housing?

• Video Four – Where do the firemen, teachers and clergy live?
• APHG\APHG - Urban - Video4 - Affordable Housing.mov
• Videos Five & Six – Affordable housing in proximity to where one works
• APHG\APHG - Urban - Video5 - Chicago - Transportation.mov
• APHG\APHG - Urban - Video6 - Transportation City.mov

Let’s look at poverty in urban areas

• http://www.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2014/01/05/poverty-map/

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World City Models�Latin American City Model, p. 266�Griffin-Ford�http://lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki2011/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=96

Lima, Peru from Google Maps

World City Models�Southeast Asian City Model, pp. 267-69�McGee� http://lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki2011/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=90

World City Models �African City Model, pp. 266-68

Favela in Rio de Janiero�http://getmobetter.wordpress.com/2009/10/09/the-real-rio/

Slums, Squatter Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya�http://www.nowpublic.com/environment/nairobis-slums

Sense of Place – What is it? pp. 9 and 127

• Identity
• Perceptions
• Experiences
• Giving meaning and emotion to a place
• Important events that occurred there
• Rules, mores, norms, values of that place
• Seeing a symbol of a place and immediately knowing where it is

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CITYSCAPES – What are they?

Chicago

Seattle

St. Louis

Shanghai

London

New York City

Paris

Athens

Urban Issues – Segregation – Where are Cubs and White Sox fans?�http://www.thechicago77.com/2009/01/chicago-is-americas-most-segregated-city/

What do we always say about models?

• Most importantly – they are just models
• Models only represent patterns in space
• The landscape does NOT look exactly like the model
• Models are thus representations of the landscape to help better understand patterns

Let’s look at all three now