���Introduction & Definitions of Anatomy desciplines

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1^ST SEMESTER

PHARM-D

RIPS

RIU-LAHORE

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Definitions :

• Physiology:
• The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

OR

• The way in which a living organism or bodily part functions.
• Anatomy:
• The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.

OR

• A study of the structure or internal workings of something.

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These two are intimately linked – structures designed for particular functions.

Anatomy desciplines

~Kinds:

• Gross Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Developmental Anatomy
• Comparative Anatomy
• Surface Anatomy
• Applied Anatomy
• Genetics

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Disciplines of anatomy

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy:

The study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye

Regional anatomy:

• The body is studied in parts.
• E.G., Upper limb, lower limb, head, neck, brain, muscles, blood vessels, etc.

Or

• All the body structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.)
• In a given body region , such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time.

Systemic anatomy:

• The body is studied in systems.

Such as : Digestive, nervous, endocrine, etc.

Example: when studying the cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body

Microscopic anatomy:

Definition: The study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye

Kinds:

• Cytology:
• The study of individual cells
• Histology:
• The study of tissues
• Organology:
• The study of organs

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Developmental anatomy

Definition:

• The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle.

Kinds:

• Embryology:
• The study of prenatal development or it concerns with developmental changes that occur before birth.
• Postnatal development:
• The study of structures after birth.
• Ontogeny:
• Total development of an individual or developmental history.

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Comparative anatomy:

Definition:

• Comparison of structures between organisms

Kinds:

• Vertebrate:
• Comparison of structures among the vertebrate classes
• Phylogeny:
• The study of phyla, and their relationships or The evolutionary history.

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Surface anatomy / Topographic anatomy:

• Internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin.

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Applied anatomy/ clinical anatomy:

Deals with the application of the anatomical knowledge to the medical and surgical practice.

Genetics:

Deals with the study of information present in the chromosome.

Specialized branches of anatomy

Pathological anatomy:

Study of structural changes associated with disease

Radiographic anatomy:

Study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques (x-rays or special scanning devices)

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The Chemistry of Life: �The Human Body

Organization of the Human Body

Chemicals

• Simplest chemical is an element, 20 are found in the human body.
• Each element is composed of unique atoms.
• Atoms combine to form molecules and compounds:
• Inorganic
• Organic

Molecules & compounds combine to form macromolecules.

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Most important element in human body

• Oxygen (65%) and hydrogen (10%), in water
• Carbon (18%) is synonymous with life.
• Nitrogen (3%) is found in many organic molecules.
• Calcium (1.5%) is the most common mineral in the human body — nearly all of it found in bones and teeth.
• Phosphorus (1%) is found predominantly in bone but also in the molecule ATP.
• Potassium (0.25%) is an important electrolyte (meaning it carries a charge in solution). It helps regulate the heartbeat.
• Sulfur (0.25%) is found in two amino acids that are important for giving proteins their shape.
• Sodium (0.15%) is another electrolyte that is vital for electrical signaling in nerves. It also regulates the amount of water in the body.

Most important element in human body

• Chlorine (0.15%) This electrolyte is important for maintaining a normal balance of fluids.
• Magnesium (0.05%) plays an important role in the structure of the skeleton and muscles.
• Iron (0.006%) It is found in hemoglobin, which is the oxygen carrier in red blood cells.
• Fluorine (0.0037%) is found in teeth and bones.
• Zinc (0.0032%) Several proteins contain structures called "zinc fingers" help to regulate genes. Zinc deficiency has been known to lead to dwarfism in developing countries.
• Copper (0.0001%) is important as an electron donor in various biological reactions. Without enough copper, iron won't work properly in the body.

Most important element in human body

• Iodine (0.000016%) is required for making of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolic rate and other functions
• Selenium (0.000019%) is essential for certain enzymes, including several anti-oxidants.
• Chromium (0.0000024%) helps regulate sugar levels by interacting with insulin.
• Manganese (0.000017%) is essential for certain enzymes, in particular those that protect mitochondria from dangerous oxidants.
• Molybdenum (0.000013%) is essential to virtually all life forms. In humans, it is important for transforming sulfur into a usable form. In nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
• Cobalt (0.0000021%) is contained in vitamin B12, which is important in protein formation and DNA regulation.

Cells

• Smallest living structural and functional units.
• Composed of organic macromolecules.

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• The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, which is typically microscopic and consists of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.

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Tissues

• Groups of cells with similar structure and function.
• 4 basic groups:

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• Epithelial tissue
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nerve tissue

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Organs

• Two or more tissues that combine to form a structure that performs a particular function.
• Part of a living thing, distinct from the other parts, that is adapted for a specific function. 
• Organs are made up of tissues and are grouped into systems, such as the digestive system.
• Examples -
• Heart
• Lungs
• ????

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Organ System

• Group of organs that all contribute to a certain body function.
• Cardiovascular system
• ?????
• 11 organ systems

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Organ System

• Integumentary system: skin; protects us from chemicals, sun, and pathogens.
• Skeletal system: bones and ligaments; protects internal organs, provides framework for muscles, supports the body.
• Muscular system: muscles and tendons; moves the skeleton, produces heat, moves blood and food.
• Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sensory organs; collects and interprets sensory information, regulates body functions.
• Endocrine system: glands, produce hormones that regulate body functions.

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Organ System

• Circulatory system: heart, blood vessels and blood; transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
• Lymphatic system: lymph glands and vessels; destroys pathogens and returns tissue fluid to circulatory system.
• Respiratory system: lungs, trachea, etc.; exchanges O₂ and CO₂ between the body and the atmosphere.
• Digestive system: stomach, intestines, liver, etc.; breaks down food into nutrients and absorbs them into the blood stream.
• Urinary System: kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra; removes waste products from the blood.
• Reproductive system: ovaries, testes, uterus, prostate gland; produces eggs or sperm, female provides site for developing offspring.

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Metabolism

• Sum of all chemical reactions and processes in the body.
• Anabolism –
• Catabolism –

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• Causes changes internally and externally.
• Ex. Digestion can cause an increase in blood glucose, etc.

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Homeostasis

• A state of relative stability within the body despite changes in the external and internal environment.
• Maintenance Mechanisms:
• Negative feedback – temperature regulation.
• Positive feedback – fever, blood clotting.

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