PMBSA�PhD Myanmar Buddhist Scholars Association of SriLanka�3rd Annual Research Seminar of Makutārāma Myanmar Temple in 2022
Lecture Title :
“Academic Footnote and Endnote of the Thesis using MLA & Chicago Method”
Rev. Ariyavamsa (Myanmar)
( 2018 / Ph.D / E – 4578 )
Contents:
Introduction�Why is the Reference important in Thesis?�1. Shows the breath of your research and your understanding of a topic�2. Identifies published evidence to support ideas or arguments presented�3. Allows the readers to trace the information sources�4. Acknowledgements intellectual property of the work of others and avoids the issue of plagiarism�5. We need to explore the differences between: footnote, endnote, citation, in-text-citation, work cited, reference, bibliography.�
Advantages of Using Footnotes
Disadvantages of Using Footnotes
Advantages of Using Endnotes
Disadvantages of Using Endnotes
•Last name page number in the right header�•Title at top-center should be--Works Cited�•Alphabetical order by first word in citation�•Times New Roman, 12 point font�•Double spaced � 1. Citation itself� 2. One space between entries
Three Types of Notes
3. Content note
(မိမိရေးသားထားသော စာသားအတွင်းမှ မရှင်းမလင်းသော စာသားကို ပြန်လည် ရှင်းပြ)
i. Parenthetic note
(ရှင်းပြချင်တဲ့ အချက်လက် အကိုးအကားစာသားကို လက်သည်းကွင်းဖြင့် ဖော်ြပ)
ii. Supplementary note
(အကိုးအကားကို သေချာမှုရှိစေရန် ထပ် ဖြည့်ကိုးကားခြင်း)
4. Pali-Text Notes (ပါဠိတော် အဌကထာ ဋီကာ အကိုးအကား)
5. Complete note (ပြည့်ပြည့်စုံစုံ ရေးသွင်းပေးရသောပုံစံ)
Comparison of three notes
Complete note:
David M. Guion, The Trombone: Its History and Music, 1697-1811 (New York: Gordon
And Breach, 1988), 23. (Chicago)
Abbreviated note:
Guion, The Trombone, p.78.
Bibliographic note:
Guion, David M. The Trombone: Its History and Music, 1697-1811. New York:
Gordon and Breach, 1988. (MLA)
Notes Categories:
The Important facts in Notes
Pāli Text -Notes (my supervisor)
Pāli Nikāya | Notes | Examples |
Aṅguttara Nikāya | A , AN ( A i 10) or (A.I.10) or (AN i 10), (AN.I.10) | A.I., p.10; A.I., pp.10-13; A.I, pp.10,13, 15. |
Aṅguttara Nikāya Aṭṭhakathā | AA, ANA | A.IV., p.111: Kesi Sutta. |
Aṅguttara Nikāya Ṭīkā | Aṭ , AṬ or ANṭ, ANṬ | AṬ., p.79; MūlaṬ., p.149. |
Dīgha Nikāya | D, DN (D i 10) or (D.I.10) or (DN i 10), (DN.I10) | D.II., p.236; M.I., p.72; M.III., pp.285-286. |
Dīgha Nikāya Aṭṭhakathā | DA, DNA | DA.I., p.43; MA.I., p.67. |
Dīgha Nikāya Ṭīkā | Dṭ, DṬ or DNṭ, DNṬ | Dhs., pp.3-8; See also DhsA., p.4. |
Majjima Nikāya | M, MN (M i 10) or (M.I.10) or (MN i 10), (DN.I10) | M.I., p.10: Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta. |
Majjima Nikāya Aṭṭhakathā | MA, MNA | M.III., pp.285-286: “dukkhā …….pajānāti”. |
Majjima Nikāya Ṭīkā | Mṭ, MṬ or MNṭ, MNṬ | MṬ.I., p.381: “tattha yoniso…. “. |
Saṃyutta Nikāya | S, SN (D i 10) or (D.I.10) or (DN i 10), (DN.I10) | S.I., p.218: Dhajagga Sutta. |
Saṃyutta Nikāya Aṭṭhakathā | SA, SNA | SA.III., p.5: “manoti bhavanga cittam”. |
Saṃyutta Nikāya Ṭīka | Sṭ, SṬ or SNṭ, SNṬ | ST.II., p.286: “sahavajjanaka javanti “. |
Khuddaka Nikāya | K, KN (K i 10) or (K.I.10) or (KN i 10), (KN.I10) | K.VII., p.136. |
Khuddaka Nikāya Aṭṭhakathā | KA, KNA | Vism.I., p.132; PeA., p.63. |
Abbrivated Notes (My Supervisor)
No. | Books | Examples |
1. | The Dhamma Theory | Karunadasa, The Dhamma Theory, p.36. |
2. | Motivation on the Breath: Mindfulness and focus on Attention | Analayo, Motivation on the Breath: Mindfulness and focus on Attention, pp.7-9. |
3. | In the Buddha’s Words | Bodhi, In the Buddha’s Words, pp.26,33,39. |
No. | Articles | Examples |
1. | The Buddhist Critique of Sassatavada and Ucchedavada: The Key to a Proper Understanding of the Origin and Doctrine of Early Buddhism | Analayo, The Middle Way: Journal of the Buddhist Society 74.2 (1999), pp.69-79. |
2. | Four Noble Truths of Buddhism related to Behavior Therapy | Mikulas , The Psychological Record 28.1 (1978), pp.59-67. |
3. | Peter Harvey, The Four Ariya-saccas as ‘True Realities for the Spiritually Ennobled, p.203. | |
No. | Websites | Examples |
1. | The Faith (Saddha) in Theravada Buddhism | Dr. Ari Ubeysekara, The Fatith (saddha) in Theravada Buddhism. https://drarisworld.wordpress.com/2016/08/17/faith-saddha-in-theravada-buddhism/ |
2. | Paññā or Wisdom as the Final State | Mahavihari, Paññā or Wisdom as the Final State. http://kusala online-dhamma.net>IBRIC Website 2/ |
3. | Sati (Mindfulness) | Analyo, Sati (Mindfulness)(pdf), https://buddhistuniversity.net › excerpts › sati_analayo/ |
Types of Citation (ရည်ညွန်းကိုးကားချက် အမျိုးအစား)
အတွင်းပိုင်း စာသား body မှာ မိမိရေးသားချက်ကို ခိုင်မာအောင် အကိုးအကားခြင်းကို ဆိုလိုသည်။
2. Parenthetic in text citation (အတွင်းစာသားမှာ ထပ်ရှင်းချင်တဲ့ အကြောင်းအရာကို လက်သည်းကွင်းနဲ့ ဖော်ြပခြင်းကို ဆိုလိုသည်။
2. Work cited (Complete / Abbreviated) ရှိရာတွင်....
Note အနေနဲ့ ထည့်အသုံးပြုရာတွင် abbreviated ပုံစံဖြင့်သာ အသုံးပြုသင့်သည်။ အစအဆုံး အသုံးပြုခဲ့သော format style အတိုင်းဖော်ြပရမည်။ Bibliography တွင် complete work cited ပုံစံဖြင့်ထည့်ပေးရသည်။
Work Cited Categories:
The Important facts in Work Cited
Text Citations: Text citations must agree exactly with entries in your bibliography. Include the last name(s) of the author(s) and the date of publication with no comma in between. If you are citing a specific page, put the page number after the date, separated by a comma. Put the text citation before a mark of punctuation. For more than three authors, use the first author with et al. For Examples: Star Trek "adapts its stories to incorporate familiar mythical paradigms" (Geraghty 2005, 191). Recent literature has examined long-run price drifts following initial public offerings (Ritter 1991; Loughran and Ritter 1995), stock splits (Ikenberry, Rankine, and Stice 1996), seasoned equity offerings (Loughran and Ritter 1995), and equity repurchases (Ikenberry, Lakonishok, and Vermaelen 1995). [ex. from Chicago Manual of Style, 622] Nanoparticulate formations "may ... ultimately reduce health-care costs" (Tartau et al. 2009). |
Chicago Citation Examples
Styles | Examples |
MLA | Findly, Ellison Banks. Ananda’s Hindrace: Faith (Saddhā) in Early Buddhism. Journal of Indian Philosophy (1992):253-273. |
APA | Findly, E.B. (1992). Ananda’s Hindrance: Faith (Saddhā) in Early Buddhism. Journal of Indian Philosophy, 253-273. |
Chicago | Ellison, Findly Banks. Ananda’s Hindrace: Faith (Saddhā) in Early Buddhism (Journal of Indian Philosophy, 1992), 253-273. |
Harvard | Findly, E.B., 1992. "Ananda’s Hindrace: Faith (Saddhā) in Early Buddhism." Journal of Indian Philosophy, pp.253-273. |
Vancouver | Findly EB. Ananda’s Hindrace: Faith (Saddhā) in Early Buddhism. Journal of Indian Philosophy. 1992 Sep 1: 253-273. |
Four Styles of Work Cited |
Introduction to MLA Style:
MLA Style was established in 1951 by the Modern Language Association in University of North Alabama; the first MLA handbook was established in 1977. This style is used primarily for publication in Liberal Arts & Humanities, especially Language and Literature journals. The information in this guide was taken from the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers: Seventh Edition.
Components of an MLA Paper Title page Do not make a title page unless specifically requested by the instructor. Body pages All text should be double spaced. Standard font is 12 point Times New Roman. The first body page should provide the author’s name, instructor’s name, course, and date in the upper left hand corner. All pages should include your last name and the page number in the upper right hand corner unless otherwise specified by your professor. The body text of the paper should always be left aligned. Works Cited page “Works Cited” centered at the top of the page. Uses hanging indent to separate individual references. This page should answer all the basic MLA questions.
Introduction to Chicago Style:
Chicago style was created by the University of Chicago in 1906. It is a set of rules for publications, including research papers. In Chicago style, you must cite sources that you have paraphrased, quoted or otherwise used to write your research paper. Cite your sources in two places: In the body of your paper where you add a footnote (which appears in the footer at the bottom of the page) and In the bibliography at the end of your paper.
Chicago Style 17th ed. Notes and Bibliography Sample Paper (Purdue OWL)
The information in this article is largely drawn from Turabian style a version of Chicago style aimed at students and researchers. When writing a paper in Chicago style, these are the guidelines to follow; for the sake of simplicity, the term “Chicago” is used here.
To apply Chicago format:
Use a standard font like 12 pt. Times New Roman.
Double-space the text.
Use 1 inch margins or larger.
Indent new paragraphs by ½ inch.
Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center.
MLA Style and Chicago Style
What are they different?
MLA and Chicago styles are basically the same. The only difference is that Chicago style uses brackets ( ) around the publisher and year. (BPS, 2015)
MLA
Chicago
Format and Examples in MLA Style:
Book
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edition ed., Publisher, Year of Publication.
Smith, Thomas. The Citation Manual for Students: A Quick Guide. 2nd ed., Wiley, 2020.
Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Chapter or Work”. Book title, Edited by the Editor’s name, Publisher, Year, Pp.
Smith, Ali. “The Universal Story”. The Penguin Book of the Contemporary British Short Story, edited by Philip Henshaw, Penguin Books, 2018, pp. 99–107.
Author last name, First name. Book Title. Original publication year. Revised ed., Publisher, Edition publication year.
Brontë, Emily. Wuthering Heights. 1847. Revised 2nd ed., Penguin Classics, 2002.
Author last name, First name. Book Title. Edition ed., vol. Volume no. or Version no., Publisher, Year.
Ram Persad, Arnold. The Life of Langston Hughes. 2nd ed., vol. 2, Oxford UP, 2002.
Author last name, First name. Book Title. Publisher, Year. Website URL.
Shona, McCumbers, How to cite a Book in MLA: Format & Examples. Published on June 28, 2019. URL: https://libguides.utep.edu/Chicago/
Author Last name, First name. Title of Book. Translated by Translator’s name, Publisher, Year.
Latour, Bruno. Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy. Translated by Catherine Porter, Harvard UP, 2004.
Format and Examples in Chicago Style:
Book
Author’s First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Edition ed., Publisher, Year of Publication.
Smith, Thomas. The Citation Manual for Students: A Quick Guide. 2nd ed., (Wiley, 2020).
Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Chapter or Work”. Book title, Edited by the Editor’s name, Publisher, Year, Pp.
Smith, Ali. “The Universal Story”. The Penguin Book of the Contemporary British Short Story, edited by Philip Henshaw, (Penguin Books, 2018), pp. 99–107.
Author last name, First name. Book Title. Original publication year. Edition ed., Publisher, Edition publication year.
Brontë, Emily. Wuthering Heights. 1847. Revised ed., (Penguin Classics, 2002).
Author last name, First name. Book Title. Edition ed., vol. Volume number, Publisher, Year.
Rampersad, Arnold. The Life of Langston Hughes. 2nd ed., vol. 2, (Oxford UP, 2002).
Author last name, First name. Book Title. Publisher, Year. Website URL.
AuthorBrown, Wendy. States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity. (Princeton UP, 1995). ACLS Humanities E-Book, hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.32981.
Last name, First name. Title of Book. Translated by Translator’s name, Publisher, Year.
Latour, Bruno. Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy. Translated by Catherine Porter, (Harvard UP, 2004).
Exercise for MLA and Chicago Style:
MLA
Latour,
Chicago
Bruno,…………………………………
Exercise for MLA Style:
Dīgha-Nikāya-Aṭṭhakathā or Sumaṅgalavilāsinī (Vol. I- III) was edited by T.W. Rhys David, J.E. Carpenter and W. Steed. (PTS: 1968-1971)
Author’s Last name, First name. Title of the Book, Vol-no. Edited by the Editor’s name, Publisher, Year of Publication.(Format)
..................... (Exercise)
Visuddhimagga (The Path of Purification) which was translated by Bhikkhu Ñāṇamoli published in Kandy, 2010.
Author’s Last name, First name. Title of the Book, translated by translator, Publisher, Year of Publication.(Format)
.......................(Exercise)
The Manuals of Buddhism was edited by Ledi Sayadaw in Yangon, Myanmar: Mother Ayawaddy Publishing House, 2014.
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edition ed., Publisher, Year of Publication. (Format)
.......................(Exercise)
Exercise in Chicago Style:
Aṅguttara-Nikāya-Aṭṭhakathā or Monorathapūranī (Vol. I-V) which was edited by M. Walser and H. Kopp, vol. 5 and published by PTS, 1924-1979.
Author’s first name, Last name. Title of the Book. Edition end., Vol no., Publisher, Year of Publication. (Format)
…………………….(Exercise)
Majjhima Nikāya (The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha) was translated by Bhikhikkhu Bodhi in Boston, PBS, 1982.
Author’s first name, Last name. Title of the Book. Translated by translator’s name. Publisher, Year of Publication. (Format)
…..............................(Exercise)
A Manual of Abhidhamma or Abhidhammaṭṭha Saṅgha) was edited by Nārada Mahā Thera and published by Buddhist Missionary Society in Malaysia, 1979.
Author’s first name, last name. Title of the Book. Edition ed., Publisher, Year of Publication.
…..........................(Exercise)
How should we use different styles?
MLA uses a works cited that lists the sources used in the paper.
APA uses a reference list that lists only sources used in the paper.
Chicago/Turabian can use a bibliography. It’ll list all the sources used to create the paper.
Harvard uses a reference list or a bibliography.
Oxford uses a reference list.
Footnotes and endnotes are formulated in exactly the same way -- the only difference is that footnotes appear on the bottom of the page on which a work is cited, whereas endnotes appear at the end of a manuscript. Citations in a bibliography are formulated in a similar way to a footnote or endnote, but do have slight variations from the way a footnote or endnote is formulated. Bibliographies are optional in the Chicago Manual of Style, but be sure to ask your professor for their requirements.
Thank You
Introduction to Notes
The difference between footnote, endnote and bibliography note
How is a Footnote different from an Endnote?
A superscript number refers to a footnote or endnote which contains all of the publishing information and the page number for the information referenced.
Footnotes appear on the bottom of the page that contains the sentence to which it refers.
Endnotes are listed at the end of the paper on separate pages. On the top of the first page, the title “Notes” is centered one inch from the top of the page. Endnote pages are placed before the bibliography.