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Immune System

Unit 11 Lesson 8

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Explain the function of the immune system
Describe care interventions for clients experiencing immune problems
Identify specific immune signs and symptoms that are reported to the nurse

Student Learning Outcomes

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The Immune System

Body's defense mechanism against infections
Specific Defenses

White Blood Cells (WBCs) circulate in blood and lymph
Function

Identify and destroy pathogens
Examples: Bacteria, viruses

Nonspecific Defenses

Skin and mucous membranes as physical barriers

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Importance of Nutrition

Support immune functions
Key Nutrients

Iron, zinc, selenium, copper, folate
Vitamins A, B6, C, D, E

Deficiencies can lead to severe infections
Malnutrition is the leading cause of immune deficiency
Impact

Increased infection risk, especially in children from developing countries
Older adults more susceptible to infection as immune response declines with age

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Impact of Overnutrition

Obesity and Immune Function

Increases risk for diabetes, cardiovascular, and immune disorders

Dietary Considerations

Negative Impact

High saturated and trans fats intake

Positive Impact

Omega-3 fatty acids reduce autoimmune disorder risks

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Autoimmune Disorders

Immune system attacks the body’s own tissues
Impact on Body

Can affect skin, joints, specific organs, or entire body systems

Examples

Rheumatoid arthritis

Severe joint pain and swelling

Digestive issues

Celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Care Interventions for Common Immune Disorders

Asthma

Symptoms

Shortness of breath
Wheezing

Interventions

Avoid known triggers
Encourage activity as tolerated
Obtain emergency assistance for severe attacks

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Care Interventions for Common Immune Disorders continued…

Type 1 Diabetes

Symptoms

Excessive thirst
Frequent urination

Interventions

Promote a low-carb, low-fat diet
Monitor skin for breakdowns or infections
Report changes to the nurse

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Critical Thinking Question

The nurse's aide is caring for a resident with Type 1 Diabetes. The resident reports feeling very thirsty and has been urinating more frequently than usual. What is the most appropriate immediate action the nurse's aide should take?

A) Offer the resident a sugary drink to help with thirst.

B) Inform the nurse about the resident’s symptoms.

C) Encourage the resident to rest and monitor the condition.

D) Advise the resident to reduce fluid intake.

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Managing Immune System Cancers and HIV

Leukemia and Lymphoma

Symptoms

Fatigue
Fever
Infection signs

Interventions

Practice strict hand hygiene
Use full PPE when indicated

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Managing Immune System Cancers and HIV continued…

HIV

Symptoms

Fatigue
Frequent infections

Interventions

Follow strict infection control measures
Ensure consistent PPE use

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Critical Thinking Question

The nurse's aide is assisting a resident with Leukemia who feels weak and has a mild fever. What care intervention is most appropriate for managing the resident’s current condition?

A) Encourage vigorous exercise to boost energy levels.

B) Ensure the resident remains in isolation to prevent infection spread.

C) Practice diligent hand hygiene and encourage the resident to do the same.

D) Administer over-the-counter medication to reduce the fever.

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Addressing Thyroid Disorders

Symptoms

Fatigue
Cold intolerance
Mood changes

Interventions

Provide warm blankets and socks
Manage room temperature for comfort

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Supporting Residents with Multiple Sclerosis

Symptoms

Reduced mobility
Cognitive changes

Interventions

Control environmental temperature to prevent symptom triggers
Assist with Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)
Monitor mobility to prevent falls and ensure safety

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Critical Thinking Question

A resident with Multiple Sclerosis reports feeling unusually warm in the room and is having difficulty moving. What should the nurse's aide do to assist the resident with the current symptoms?

A) Provide a cold beverage to cool down quickly.

B) Adjust the room temperature to a cooler setting.

C) Encourage the resident to continue moving to improve circulation.

D) Suggest the resident wear fewer layers of clothing.

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Reporting and Observations

Signs to Report

Breathing difficulties
Skin changes
Persistent fatigue

Nurse’s Aide Role

Conduct thorough observations
Report promptly to the nurse for further assessment and intervention

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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References

Sandquist-Reuter, M. (2023). Nursing Assistant. WisTech Open. https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/nurseassist/

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