1 of 52

Diversification on Islands

Chung-Ping Lin

Department of Life Science

National Taiwan Normal University

2 of 52

Diversification

Darwin 1859

3 of 52

Research Topics

Maternal Care & Ant Mutualism of Membracine Treehoppers 角蟬的護幼行為與螞蟻共生
Agonistic Wing Display of Psolodesmus Damselflies 珈蟌的展翅行為
Aposematic Colors of Pachyrhynchus Weevils 球背象鼻蟲的警戒色
Multiple Male Weapons of the Flower Beetles 角金龜的雄性武器
Fighting Behavior of Stag Beetles 鍬形蟲的打鬥行為

4 of 52

1. Treehoppers

5 of 52

Maternal Care & Ant Mutualism of Membracine Treehoppers��

6 of 52

Evolution of Maternal Care and Ant Mutualism in Membracine Treehoppers

7 of 52

Evolution of Maternal Care

(Lin et al. 2004, Lin 2006)

8 of 52

Ant Mutualism

9 of 52

Evolution of Maternal Care & Ant Mutualism

(Lin et al. 2004)

10 of 52

11 of 52

12 of 52

2. Speciation Mechanism of Psolodesmus damselflies

13 of 52

Psolodesmus damselflies

14 of 52

Psolodesmus damselflies

15 of 52

Psolodesmus damselflies

16 of 52

Videos

17 of 52

Euphaea formosa

18 of 52

3. Aposematic Colors of Pachyrhynchus Weevils

19 of 52

20 of 52

Pachyrhynchus tobafolius Kano

小圓斑球背象鼻蟲

21 of 52

21

Pachyrrhynchid weevils (球背象鼻蟲)

22 of 52

22

Study species

Swinhoe’s tree lizard from Orchid Island

Pachyrrhynchus tobafolius

23 of 52

Videos

24 of 52

Orchid Island

Chi-square, p<0.01

Result

Ignore

39

Attack

36

The predatory behavior of Swinhoe’s tree lizard differed significantly between different color pattern of P. tobafolius

Attack

20

Ignore

57

25 of 52

25

Secondary Defence 次級防禦 �

26 of 52

Videos

27 of 52

Results of the behavioral trials

27

Hardness serves as an effective defence mechanism; claws have no effective function in defence

Fisher’s exact test, p<0.001

Negative binomial regression, X²=227.82, p<0.001

Survivla analysis, X²=202.98, p<0.001

Survival rate (%)

Number of bites

Prey handling duration (s)

(a)

(b)

(c)

Hard;

Claw

Soft;

Claw

Hard;

Clawless

Soft;

Clawless

Hard;

Claw

Soft;

Claw

Hard;

Clawless

Soft;

Clawless

Hard;

Claw

Soft;

Claw

Hard;

Clawless

Soft;

Clawless

28 of 52

28

29 of 52

30 of 52

Microstructures

Teneral

Mature

FIGURE 3 | Microstructure of the cuticle of the mature (A–F) and teneral (G,H) Pachyrhynchus sarcitis kotoensis observed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). (A) The cross section of the entire elytral cuticle of a mature weevil. (B) The size of the microfibers increases toward the middle of the endocuticle. (C) The microfibers interlocked by the ridges extending from the microfibers in the layer below. (D) The interlocking zone between exo- and endocuticle. (E) Angles between successive microfiber layers in the prothorax of the mature weevil. Arrows indicate the orientation of the microfibers. (F) The fibrous ridges extend perpendicularly from microfibers and surround microfibers in the upper layer. (G) The cross section of the entire elytral cuticle of a teneral weevil with only a few layers. (H) The interlocking zone between exo- and endocuticle. (epi, epicuticle; exo, exocuticle; endo, endocuticle; hc, hemolymph channels; mem, membrane; mf, microfiber; ri, ridge;

iz, interlocking zone; sca, scale).

31 of 52

Numerical Simulation

FIGURE 2 | Numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of layers in the elytral endocuticle of Pachyrhynchus sarcitis kotoensis. (A) The “reference model” represents a fraction of the endocuticle. The space between the microfibers in the upper layer is filled with ridges extended from microfibers in the lower layer. The ridges are shown in gray. (B) The “no ridge model” was developed by the removal of the ridges from the “reference model.” (C,D) Displacement of the “reference model” model (C) and “no ridge model” (D) under the same loading condition. The “no ridge model” experiences a displacement of about five times larger than that of the “reference model.” (E,F) Probability of damage (predicted by stresses higher than the strength of cuticle material) in the “reference model” (E) and “no ridge model” (F). The presence of ridges substantially reduced the risk of damage in the microfibers.

32 of 52

33 of 52

4. Multiple Male Weapons of the Flower Beetles

34 of 52

35 of 52

Dicronocephalus wallichii bourgoini 角金龜

36 of 52

37 of 52

Videos

38 of 52

Paired Males Are Larger�

39 of 52

Larger Males, Higher Mate Guarding Success�

40 of 52

Larger Males, Higher Fighting Success�

41 of 52

42 of 52

Nest

43 of 52

Mortality (20-day-old larvae)

44 of 52

Body Mass (20-day-old larvae)

45 of 52

46 of 52

5. Fighting Behavior of Stag Beetles

47 of 52

48 of 52

49 of 52

Videos

50 of 52

51 of 52

52 of 52

Systematics & Evolutionary Biology Laboratory�系統分類與演化實驗室

Web site: http://web.ntnu.edu.tw/~treehopper/

E-mail: treehopper@ntnu.edu.tw