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CHAPTER 12

MENTAL HYGIENE AND MENTAL HEALTH

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After reading this chapter, the student will be able to

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

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MENTAL HYGIENE

Concept of Mental Hygiene

Mental hygiene is a branch of psychiatry that deals with the science and practice of maintaining and restoring mental health, and of preventing mental disorder through education, early treatment, and public health measures.

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COMPONENTS OF MENTAL HYGIENE

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PRESERVATION OF MENTAL HEALTH

PAY ATTENTION TO WARNING SIGNS

GET ROUTINE MEDICAL CARE

GET HELP WHEN NEEDED

DO SELF CARE

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MENTAL HYGIENE

Mental health is an important dimension of health like others (physical, social and spiritual) as stated in WHO definition. It is a state of well-being in which a person understands his/her own abilities, can cope up with the normal stressors of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his/her community, lifestyle and health behaviors.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MENTAL HEALTH

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MENTAL ILLNESS

When an individual is not able to view himself/ herself clearly or has a distorted view about self, is unable to maintain satisfying personal relationships with others, and is unable to adapt his/her environment, a mental illness occurs.

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WARNING SIGNS OF MENTAL ILLNESS

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STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTION OF MENTAL HEALTH

  • Mental Health Education
  • Adopting Good Habits and Life Style
  • Proper Treatment Compliance
  • Guidance and Counseling
  • Psycho-Social Rehabilitation
  • Social Participation
  • Self-understanding

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PROMOTIVE AND PREVENTIVE MENTAL HEALTH STRATEGIES

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SUBDIVISION OF PRIMARY PREVENTION

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INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE HAZARD AND IMPROVE QUALITY OF LIFE

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STRATEGIES OF SECONDARY PREVENTION

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STRATEGIES OF TERTIARY PREVENTION

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ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NURSE IN PREVENTION OF MENTAL ILLNESS

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MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES

INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

NATIONAL LEVEL

World Health Organization (WHO)�

Institutional care�

The World Psychiatric Association (WPA)�

Aftercare�

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General hospitals�psychiatric units�

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Treatment modalities�

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Community services�

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�Suicide prevention�services�

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Self-help groups

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EGO DEFENSE MECHANISM AND ITS IMPLICATION

  • Ego defense mechanisms are those mental mechanisms by which our ego (reality) is protected. Simultaneously, our real motives desires are translated into something that we can handle.
  • Defense mechanisms or mental processes are at unconscious level except few. They are used to reduce anxiety or resolve conflict.
  • To overcome this anxiety a person’s behavior is direct to reduce this threat. This mechanism of self-protection is known as defense mechanisms or mental mechanism.

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DEFENSE MECHANISM PROTECTS EGO FROM STRESSORS AND ANXIETY

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VAILLANT'S CATEGORIZATION OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS

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LEVEL 1:PATHOLOGICAL (PSYCHOTIC) DEFENSE MECHANISM

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LEVEL 2: IMMATURE DEFENSE MECHANISM

  • Acting out
  • Fantasy
  • Idealization
  • Passive aggression
  • Projection
  • Somatization
  • Splitting

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LEVEL 3: NEUROTIC DEFENSE MECHANISM

  • Displacement
  • Dissociation
  • Compartmentalization
  • Hypochondriasis
  • Intellectualization
  • Isolation
  • Rationalization
  • Reaction formation
  • Regression
  • Repression
  • Undoing
  • Withdrawal

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LEVEL 4: MATURE DEFENSE MECHANISM

  • Altruism (humanity)
  • Anticipation
  • Humor
  • Identification
  • Introjection
  • Sublimation
  • Thought
  • suppression
  • Compensation
  • Assertiveness

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Defense Mechanism and Psychiatric Disorders

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PERSONAL AND SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT

  • Adjustment means the modification to compensate for or meet special conditions.
  • Adjustment is the interaction between a person and his environment.

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DEFINITION

Adjustment means the modification to compensate for or meet special condition.

—James Drever

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NATURE OF ADJUSTMENT

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TYPES OF ADJUSTMENT

1. Personal Adjustment

2. Social Adjustment

3. Home and Family Adjustment

4. Academic Adjustment

5. Vocational Adjustment

6. Marital Adjustment

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CRITERIA OF ADJUSTMENT

SELF-KNOWLEDGE AND INSIGHT

SELF-OBJECTIVITY AND SELF-ACCEPTANCE SELF-CONTROL AND SELF-DEVELOPMENT PERSONAL INTEGRATION

WELL-DEFINED GOALS AND GOAL DIRECTION SENSE OF HUMOR

PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY

WIDE RANGE OF INTERESTS IN WORK AND PLAY

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ADEQUATE ORIENTATION TO REALITY

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FACTORS AFFECTING ADJUSTMENT

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METHODS OF ADJUSTMENT

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MALADJUSTMENT

It is a condition where an individual is unable to satisfy his/her biological, psychological or social needs successfully and establishes an imbalance between his/her personal needs and expectation of the society resulting in the disturbance of psycho-equilibrium.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MALADJUSTED PERSON

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GUIDANCE

Definition

Guidance is the help given by one person to another in making choices and adjustment and in solving problems. —Jones

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PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE

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TYPES OF GUIDANCE

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ROLE OF A NURSE IN GUIDANCE

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COUNSELLING

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ELEMENTS OF COUNSELLING PROCESS

1. Counselor

2. Counselee

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LEVELS OF COUNSELLING

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PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING

  • Client focused
  • Intellectual process
  • Democratic approach
  • Trust
  • Therapeutic
  • Listening
  • Partnership
  • Respect
  • Non-judgmental
  • Confidential

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CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELING

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STEPS OF COUNSELING

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SUPPORTIVE BEHAVIOR OF COUNSELOR

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PHASES OF COUNSELING

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TYPES OF COUNSELLING

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Difference between guidance and counseling

Guidance�

Counseling�

It is an organizedservice to identify and develop the potentialities of pupils.�

Information is given to solve their problems.�

It is preventive and developmental.

It is preventive, developmental and remedial.�

It can be done by any guidance worker.�

It requires a high level of skill as well as special professional training.�

It may be given at any normal set up.

Requires special set up and counseling room to conduct interviews.�

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ROLE OF NURSE IN COUNSELLING

  • He/she can provide a range of services including education, research and knowledge sharing, evidence informed practices.
  • Nurse can provide an opportunity for people to work toward living in a more satisfying and resourceful way and use a range of counseling skills.
  • Nurse can assist the people to be supported, to gain insight and to bring about change in thoughts, feelings and behavior.
  • Nurse does supervision/monitoring of medication, and application of psychosocial skills.

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CHAPTER SUMMARY

Mental health is a component of general health and integration of holistic care. It requires a balance between the body, mind, spirit and the environment in which the person lives. Good mental health is characterized by a person’s ability to fulfill a number of key functions and activities. The current trend in mental health practice is on preventative and promotive services at institutional and community settings. Defense mechanisms are designed to deal with inner hurt, anxiety and self devaluation. George Eman Valliant’s (1994) categorized defenses mechanisms on a continuum along a continuum of immature-to-mature.

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ASSESS YOURSELF

  • Describe the components of mental hygiene
  • Enumerate characteristics of mental health person.
  • Describe the principals of mental health.
  • Differentiate between guidance and counseling.
  • Explain the methods to promote and prevent mental sickness.
  • Discuss defense mechanisms with examples.

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